1. 29
Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order

2. Figure In late May 1919, large numbers of veiled women joined the mass protests in Cairo and other Egyptian cities and towns that were sparked by the harsh wartime conditions that British demands had exacerbated and by the colonizers' refusal to give Egyptian leaders a hearing at the peace conference in Paris.
Figure In late May 1919, large numbers of veiled women joined the mass protests in Cairo and other Egyptian cities and towns that were sparked by the harsh wartime conditions that British demands had exacerbated and by the colonizers' refusal to give Egyptian leaders a hearing at the peace conference in Paris.

3. Chapter Overview The Coming of the Great War A World at War
Failed Peace and Global Turmoil
The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order

4. TIMELINE 1870 C.E. and 1920 C.E.
TIMELINE 1870 C.E. and 1920 C.E.

5. Map World War I Fronts in Europe and the Middle East In contrast to the large swaths of territory caught up in the war on the eastern front, the area contested and the battle lines in the west were confined largely to a corner of Belgium and northernmost France.
Map World War I Fronts in Europe and the Middle East In contrast to the large swaths of territory caught up in the war on the eastern front, the area contested and the battle lines in the west were confined largely to a corner of Belgium and northernmost France.

6. The Coming of the Great War
The Long March to War
Triple Entente
Russia, France, Britain
v. Germany
Central Powers
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
Italy joins Entente, 1915

7. Figure This U.S. poster drumming up financial support for the war effort epitomizes the paranoia and extreme stereotyping of adversary peoples and powers that poisoned international relations in the decades leading up to the war and drove the continuing slaughter on all fronts from 1914 to 1918.
Figure This U.S. poster drumming up financial support for the war effort epitomizes the paranoia and extreme stereotyping of adversary peoples and powers that poisoned international relations in the decades leading up to the war and drove the continuing slaughter on all fronts from 1914 to 1918.

8. The Coming of the Great War
The Outbreak of the War
Gavriel Princip
Assassinates Austrian archduke, 1914, in Sarajevo
Austria-Hungary, Germany
Attack Serbia
Russia mobilizes
Germany declares war on Russia, France
Germany invades Belgium
Britain declares war

9. A World at War Quick war expected The War in Europe
Stalemate on Western Front
Trench warfare
Massive losses

10. A World at War The War in Eastern Europe and Italy Russians Italians
Offensives against Germany
Tsar Nicholas II
Italians
War with Austrians stalemated

11. Visualizing the Past Trench Warfare

12. A World at War The Home Fronts in Europe Little sympathy at home
Growth in governments
Propaganda
Suppression of criticism
Labor groups dissatisfied
Weakens Germany
Russia falls
Women in work force

13. Figure As this British recruiting poster illustrates, the drastic shortage of farm and factory workers caused by the insatiable military manpower needs of World War I generals provided abundant, but often dangerous, job opportunities for women.
Figure As this British recruiting poster illustrates, the drastic shortage of farm and factory workers caused by the insatiable military manpower needs of World War I generals provided abundant, but often dangerous, job opportunities for women.

14. A World at War The War Beyond Europe
British block supplies to Central Powers
Uses imperial resources, manpower
Indians deployed in many areas
Gallipoli, 1915
French
Use African troops
Japan
Fights Germans in China, the Pacific

15. Map Africa During World War I Not only was Africa the site of significant combat in World War I, but from Algeria in the north to the Union of South Africa it was a recruiting ground for tens of thousands of Arab-Berber and African soldiers and bearers and other laborers.
Map Africa During World War I Not only was Africa the site of significant combat in World War I, but from Algeria in the north to the Union of South Africa it was a recruiting ground for tens of thousands of Arab-Berber and African soldiers and bearers and other laborers.

16. A World at War The War Beyond Europe Ottomans United States
Side with Germany
Armenian genocide
United States
Begins neutral
German submarines attack American shipping
1917, enter war

17. A World at War Endgame: The Return of Offensive Warfare Eastern Front
German drive toward Paris
Germany forced into armistice
Adolf Hitler
Staggering casualties

18. Table 33.1 World War I Losses

19. Failed Peace and Global Turmoil
David Lloyd George
Georges Clemenceau
Woodrow Wilson
Self-determinism

20. Figure At the Paris peace conference of 1919, the Arabs sought a new voice. The Arab representatives included Prince Feisal, later king of Iraq, and an Iraqi general. A British delegation member, T. E. Lawrence (third from the right), was a longtime friend of the Arabs. The Arabs did not win national self-determination for their homelands, as the British had promised during the war.
Figure At the Paris peace conference of 1919, the Arabs sought a new voice. The Arab representatives included Prince Feisal, later king of Iraq, and an Iraqi general. A British delegation member, T. E. Lawrence (third from the right), was a longtime friend of the Arabs. The Arabs did not win national self-determination for their homelands, as the British had promised during the war.

21. Failed Peace and Global Turmoil
Peace of Paris
German war guilt
Reparations
Austria-Hungary
Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia
Poland independent
League of Nations

22. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order
Campaigns in Africa, Middle East
Britain draws on colonial resources
Indian production stepped up
Asians, Africans work, serve
Colonies
Indigenous personnel given more opportunity

23. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order
India: The Makings of the Nationalist Challenge to the British Raj
India, Burma, Indonesia, the Philippines
Nationalist movements
Worldwide patterns
Leadership of Western-educated elite
Charismatic leaders
Nonviolence

24. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order
India: The Makings of the Nationalist Challenge to the British Raj
India
Indian National Congress party, 1885
Initially loyal to British
Spurred by racism
Builds Indian identity

25. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order
Social Foundations of a Mass Movement
Critique of British rule
Economic privilege for British
Indian army used for British interests
High-paid British officials
Cash crops push out food production

26. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order
The Rise of Militant Nationalism
Hindu/Muslim split
B.G. Tilak
Nationalism above religious concerns
Boycotts of British goods
Bombay regions
Imprisoned

27. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order
The Rise of Militant Nationalism
Hindu communalists
Violent means
Terrorism in Bengal
Morley-Minto reforms, 1909
More opportunity for Indians

28. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order
The Emergence of Gandhi and the Spread of the Nationalist Struggle
Loyal to British at start of war
But war casualties and costs mount
Inflation, famine
Promises broken
Montagu-Chelmsford reforms, 1919
Greater Indian participation in government

29. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order
The Emergence of Gandhi and the Spread of the Nationalist Struggle
Rowlatt Act, 1919
Civil rights restricted
Gandhi protests
Mohandas Ghandi
Nonviolence
Satyagraha, or truth force

30. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order
Egypt and the Rise of Nationalism in the Middle East
Egyptian nationalism
Ahmad Orabi
Rising, 1882
Lord Cromer
Reforms
Benefit upper classes
Journalists predominate

31. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order
Egypt and the Rise of Nationalism in the Middle East
Effendi
1890s
Political parties form
Harsh repression
Dinshawai Incident, 1906
Focuses Egyptian nationalism
British grant constitution, 1913

32. Map The Middle East after World War I Despite promises to the Arab peoples who supported them in the war to let them decide their own postwar political fate, the victorious British and French allies divided much of the Middle East into what in effect were new colonial enclaves.
Map The Middle East after World War I Despite promises to the Arab peoples who supported them in the war to let them decide their own postwar political fate, the victorious British and French allies divided much of the Middle East into what in effect were new colonial enclaves.

33. Figure This photograph, probably taken without the knowledge of the British authorities, shows the construction of the gallows that were used to hang the four peasants who were executed in reprisal for the attacks on British soldiers at Dinshawai in The Dinshawai incident exemplified the colonizers' tendency to overreact to any sign of overt resistance on the part of the colonized.
Figure This photograph, probably taken without the knowledge of the British authorities, shows the construction of the gallows that were used to hang the four peasants who were executed in reprisal for the attacks on British soldiers at Dinshawai in The Dinshawai incident exemplified the colonizers' tendency to overreact to any sign of overt resistance on the part of the colonized.

34. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order
War and Nationalist Movements in the Middle East
Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk, father of the Turks)
Independence by 1923
Reforms
Westernizing

35. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order
War and Nationalist Movements in the Middle East
France, Britain
Promises to former Ottoman subjects
Renege
Hussein
Occupy former Turkish lands: mandates

36. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order
War and Nationalist Movements in the Middle East
Arabs and Jews given conflicting assurances
Balfour Declaration
Zionism
Leon Pinsker

37. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order
War and Nationalist Movements in the Middle East
Zionism
World Zionist Organization
Theodore Herzl
Alfred Dreyfus

38. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order
Revolt in Egypt, 1919
Egypt a British protectorate, 1914
Martial law to protect Suez Canal
War drains Egyptian resources
Egyptians refused to present at Versailles

39. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order
Revolt in Egypt, 1919
Wafd Party
Sa'd Zaghlul
British agree to independence
From 1922
To withdrawal from Canal zone, 1936

40. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order
Revolt in Egypt, 1919
Early regimes
Little progress
1952, Gamal Abdul Nasser

41. Women in Asian and African Nationalist Movements
Emergence of educated women
Missionary girls' schools
Become politically active
Out of seclusion; supporting roles
Tagore's The Home and the World
African nationalism
Appeal for suffrage
Campaigns for female rights
More opportunities for women

42. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order
The Beginnings of the Liberation Struggle in Africa
General loyalty
War
Drains resources
Western-educated Africans gain authority
Pan-African movement
Marcus Garvey
W.E.B. Du Bois

43. Figure Soldiers, like those captured in this photograph, were extensively recruited by the French in their colonies in North and West Africa, and to a lesser extent, Vietnam to bolster their defenses on the Western Front in France and battle the Germans in colonized Africa.
Figure Soldiers, like those captured in this photograph, were extensively recruited by the French in their colonies in North and West Africa, and to a lesser extent, Vietnam to bolster their defenses on the Western Front in France and battle the Germans in colonized Africa.

44. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order
The Beginnings of the Liberation Struggle in Africa
Paris
Négritude
Sédar Senghor
Aimé Césaire
Léon Damas