1. Stuart Macintyre Participation in the classroom, productivity in the workforce—unfulfilled expectations ACER Research Conference: Touching the Future: Building Skills for Life and Work, Brisbane, 11 August 2008

2. Expectation 1 Education as an instrument of economic growth
Investment in ‘human capital’

3. Expenditure on education as percentage of GDP% % %

4. Expectation 2
Education for life

5. Education as necessary knowledge
Expectation 3
Education as necessary knowledge

6. The convergence of the three expectations

7. Social and disciplinary education: the example of civics

8. Conclusions