1. Native Americans After Reconstruction

2. Native Americans in the 1800s
By 1850, nearly all Native Americans had been removed from the eastern part of Texas
In the western part, Natives fought to keep settlers from moving westward.
Some soldiers serve as buffer to protect east Texas settlers
Native American raids on Texas settlers still occur

3. Strengths of the Native Americans
Familiar with Texas territory
Skilled fighters with arrows
By the 1880s , most Natives also carry rifles

4. Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek
Signed in 1867 between US agents and Natives at Kansas
Agree that Natives will live on reservations in the Indian Territory (Oklahoma)
Government will provide food and supplies, but army not allowed on the reservation
Natives agree to stop making raids
Many of the US agents are Quakers (peaceful people who want to help the Natives)

6. Do you think this peace treaty will work????

7. Peace Policy Fails Peace did not come to western Texas
Some Natives refused to sign the treaty, because they thought they were being used
Refused to live on reservations

8. Satanta
Famous Kiowa chief who believed that West Texas belonged to the Comanches and Kiowas
Known for speeches
Opposed to reservations

9. Quanah Parker Comanche chief who refused to sign the treaty
Son of a Comanche chief and an Anglo woman named Cynthia Ann Parker
Grew up herding buffalo
Spent 10 years trying to stop the spread of Anglos in Texas

10. Peace Policy Ends
Because Anglos still complain of Native American raids, they send General William Tecumseh Sherman to West Texas to investigate
General Sherman decides that the peace treaty is unsuccessful

11. General Sherman

12. “The Media Story”
May 1871-General Sherman witnesses Satanta lead a Kiowa raid on a wagon train (Warren Wagontrain Raid)
Several men were wounded or killed
Satanta goes back to the reservation in Indian Territory and admits his actions to the Quaker agent Lawrie Tatum
Sherman arrests the Kiowa chiefs and sends them to Jacksboro for a trial

13. “The Media Story” One of the Kiowa chiefs dies on the way to the trial
Satanta and a third chief are tried, found guilty, and sentenced to hang
Federal officials think this will start a Native war, so they convince Governor Davis to change their sentence to life in prison.

14. “The Media Story” Satanta and the third chief eventually get paroled
This outrages Texans who fear for their safety
Satanta is later accused of more raids, so he is sent to state prison in Huntsville
He could not stand life in prison and is believed to have killed himself

16. Who do you think is to blame for the Warren Wagontrail Raid
Who do you think is to blame for the Warren Wagontrail Raid? Do you think what happened was fair and just, or do you think the entire situation was blown out of proportion?

17. Real Significance
The Warren Wagontrain Raid changes the attitude of many of the military leaders, especially General Sherman
Peace policy is abandoned
Natives now forced onto reservations
Sherman advises that federal troops be sent to Texas to destroy Native American camps

18. Attacks on Natives
Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie leads attacks on Comanches, Kickapoos, and Apaches
This causes Native raids on Anglos to decrease in Texas

19. Buffalo
The culture of the nomadic Plains Indians depends on the open land, the horse, and the buffalo
Water bags made from paunch (stomach)
Hoofs, horns, and bones make ornaments, cups, utensils
Sinew (tendons) and hair yield bowstrings, thread, and rope
Hide become clothing, saddles, rope, and tepee covers
Food
Dried manure, called buffalo chips, is fuel

23. “The buffalo is our money…[T]he robes we can prepare and trade
“The buffalo is our money…[T]he robes we can prepare and trade. We love them just as the white man does his money. Just as it makes a white man feel to have his money carried away, so it makes us feel to see others killing and stealing our buffaloes, which are out cattle given to us by the Great Father above” -Chief Striking Eagle of the Kiowa

24. Based on this quote, how do the Kiowa view the buffalo. Explain
Based on this quote, how do the Kiowa view the buffalo? Explain. What in your life could be considered “your buffalo”?

25. Buffalo Herds are Slaughtered
White Anglos begin to hunt buffalo
Buffalo hides can be used to manufacture leather
By 1873, herds north of Texas has been wiped out, so the hunters moved onto the Texas plains
Some Anglos try to pass a law to protect the buffalo, but the law does not get passed
Buffalo hunters continue to slaughter buffalo, which destroys the Plains Indians way of life

26. Attack on Adobe Walls
June 1874 Quanah Parker leads Native American attacks on the buffalo hunters at Adobe Walls in North Texas, but the buffalo hunters defend their settlement
Natives lead more attacks in West Texas, killing 190 Anglos

28. Red River Campaign
President Grant sends an army of 3000 troops to fight the Natives in August 1874
Battle of Palo Duro Canyon September 28, 1874-most decisive battle
Native settlements set on fire
Anglos seize Native supplies and horses, which destroy the Natives
June 1875-last remaining Comanches called Kwahadies surrender (Quanah Parker)

30. Red River Campaign
Quanah Parker continued to represent his people and worked to settle disputes among the Natives
Fought for their interests in Washington
Red River Campaign ends presence of Natives on the Plains and West Texas
Kickapoo and Apaches continue to exist along the Rio Grande border………………………….

31. Buffalo Soldiers End the Wars
Warfare along the Mexican border continues
Colonel Mackenzie returns and subdues the Kickapoos in 1878
Apaches, led by Chief Victorio, continue raids
African American soldiers are known a “buffalo soldiers” and are respected by Natives but harassed by Anglos
1880 Victorio dies at the hands of Mexican soldiers
End to Apache wars in Texas

32. Henry O. Flipper Born into slavery
First African American graduate from West Point Military Academy
Buffalo Soldier

34. South Texas Renegades Renegades are outlaws
They were criminals that led raids from both sides of the Rio Grande
Texas Rangers sent to establish peace
Many thought Rangers discriminated Mexican Americans

35. Sadness for Natives Most Natives had died
The few that remained were forced onto reservations or adopt Anglo way of life
They could not chase the buffalo
Westward migration of Anglos took more land away from Natives
Diseases, war, and starvation killed many by the 1890s

36. Anglos View Anglos saw this as an opportunity to move into West Texas
Railroads, cities, colleges started being developed…………………