1. October 24th – AP Psychology
Good Morning
Neuron Dance and Review
Test corrections for HW. I will have you show me the corrections during class work today
Today: Nervous System and Endocrine System

2. Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters (chemicals) released from the sending neuron travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing it to generate an action potential.

3. Reuptake
Neurotransmitters in the synapse are reabsorbed into the sending neurons through the process of reuptake. This process applies the brakes on neurotransmitter action.

4. Lock & Key Mechanism
Neurotransmitters bind to the receptors of the receiving neuron in a key-lock mechanism.
OBJECTIVE 6| Explain how drugs and other chemicals affect neurotransmission, and describe the contrasting effects of agonists and antagonists.

5. Types of Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Released at the neuromuscular junction
Plays an important role in arousal and attention
Loss of ACh producing cells is linked to Alzheimer’s Disease
Too much = Spasms / Too Little = Paralysis
Dopamine
Affects neurons associated with voluntary movement and pleasure
Plays a role in learning, memory, and emotions
Implicated in Parkinson’s Disease and Schizophrenia

6. Types of Neurotransmitters
Serotonin – “prozac”
Found throughout the brain
Appears to sets an “emotional tone”
Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal
Low serotonin levels are implicated in depression
Some antidepressant drugs raise serotonin
Endorphins – “Natural Opiates”
Shield the body from pain
Reduce pain by inhibiting or “turning down” neurons that transmit pain information
“runner’s high”

7. Types of Neurotransmitters
Oxytocin – Love and Social Bonding
Hormone released when mothers give birth that stimulates lactation and breast feeding.
Released during sexual orgasm and plays a role in pleasure and emotional attachment to romantic partners.
Can be a stress mechanism in women
“tend and befriend” response
Glutamate – involved in learning and memory, as its key role is exciting neurons to fire
Too much can cause migraines and seizures
A factor in anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, Alzheimer, Parkinsons

8. Types of Neurotransmitters
Norepinephrine (Adrenaline)
Helps control alertness and arousal
Undersupply can depress mood
Oversupply leads to hyperactivity
GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid)
A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory
Oversupply linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia

9. Agonists

10. Antagonists

11. The Nervous and Endocrine Systems
Biological Foundations of Psychology

13. Nervous System Central Nervous System – Brain and Spinal Cord
99% of all nerve cells
Peripheral Nervous System – Network of nerves that connects the brain and spinal cord to the other parts of the body.
Brings info to and from the brain

15. The Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic Division
Parasympathetic Division

16. The Somatic Nervous System
Consists of neurons that communicate between the body and the brain
Motor Neurons
Neurons that carry messages from the spinal cord or brain to muscles and glands

17. The Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic division
Most active when you are angry, afraid, or aroused
Increases heart rate and breathing
Stops digestion
“Fight-or-flight”

18. The Autonomic Nervous System
Parasympathetic division
Calms body
Produces effects opposite to those of the sympathetic division
Reduces heart rate and breathing
Restores digestion
“Rest and Digest”

19. Divisions of the Nervous System

20. The Hypothalamus Has Central Control of the ANS
The hypothalamus is involved in the coordination of ANS responses
One section of the hypothalamus seems to control many of the "fight or flight" responses; another section favors "rest and digest" activities

21. The Endocrine System

22. The Endocrine System Controlled by the Hypothalamus
Helps coordinate and integrate complex psychological reactions
Endocrine glands (organs of tissue) secrete hormones into the bloodstream
Hormones are chemical substances (similar in function to neurotransmitters) that help regulate bodily activities.

23. The Endocrine System Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands
Secretes hormones (primarily thyroxin) that control metabolism
How alert an energetic or how fat and thin you are
Overactive Thyroid can mean insomnia, reduced attention span, agitation
Too little thyroxin can mean feeling constantly tired
Parathyroid glands
Control levels of calcium and phosphate which in turn controls levels of excitability

24. The Endocrine System Pineal gland Pancreas
Secretes melatonin which regulates the sleep- wake cycle
Disturbances in melatonin are responsible for “jet lag”
Pancreas
Located under the stomach
Regulates blood-sugar levels
Secretes insulin and glucagon (hormones)
Related to metabolism, body weight

25. The Endocrine System Pituitary gland Gonads Adrenal glands
Referred to as the “master gland” because it regulates many other glands
Influences blood pressure, thirst, contractions of the uterus during childbirth, sexual behavior and interest, body growth etc.
Gonads
Ovaries and testes secrete estrogens and androgens (testosterone)
We know they play a role in sexual development, aggression and sexual drive but don’t have the whole story.
Adrenal glands
Secretes hormones in reaction to stress
Activates (via epinephrine) the sympathetic nervous system.

26. How much do you remember?
 You are to sketch a picture of the human body while highlighting the glands of the endocrine system.  Label the glands and define what each does.

27. Assignment
Review Guides and Questions