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Making Ethical Decisions
Ch 2 Making Ethical Decisions
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Learning Outcomes 2.1 Describe and compare need and value development theories. 2.2 Identify the major principles of contemporary consequence-oriented, duty-oriented, and virtue ethics reasoning. 2.3 Define the basic principles of health care ethics. LO 2.1 Describe and compare need and value development theories. LO 2.2 Identify the major principles of contemporary consequence-oriented, duty-oriented, and virtue ethics reasoning. LO 2.3 Define the basic principles of health care ethics.
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Key Terms autonomy beneficence categorical imperative confidentiality
deontological or duty-oriented theory justice needs-based motivation nonmaleficence principle of utility role fidelity teleological or consequence-oriented theory utilitarianism veracity virtue ethics LO 2.1 Describe and compare need and value development theories. LO 2.2 Identify the major principles of contemporary consequence-oriented, duty-oriented, and virtue ethics reasoning. LO 2.3 Define the basic principles of health care ethics.
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Needs-Based Motivation
2-4 Needs-Based Motivation The theory that human behavior is based on specific human needs that must often be met in a specific order Abraham Maslow is the best-known psychologist for this theory LO 2.1 Describe and compare need and value development theories. 4
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs
Deficiency needs (D needs) Need for basic life: food and shelter Need for safe/secure environment Need to belong and be loved Being needs (B needs) Need for esteem Need for self-actualization LO 2.1 Describe and compare need and value development theories.
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs (cont.)
2-6 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs (cont.) LO 2.1 Describe and compare need and value development theories. 6
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Value Development Theories
2-7 Value Development Theories Individuals develop personal values systems in stages as they grow Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg are the best-known psychologists for this theory LO 2.1 Describe and compare need and value development theories. 7
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Value Development Theory: Piaget
2-8 Value Development Theory: Piaget Stage 1: Sensorimotor Birth to 2 years Stage 2: Preoperational 2 to 7 years Stage 3: Concrete operational 7 to 12 years Stage 4: Formal operational 12 years and older LO 2.1 Describe and compare need and value development theories. 8
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Value Development Theory: Kohlberg
2-9 Value Development Theory: Kohlberg Level 1: Pre-conventional morality Level 2: Conventional morality Level 3: Post-conventional morality Stage 1: Social contract and individual rights Stage 2: Universal principles LO 2.1 Describe and compare need and value development theories. 9
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Value Choices Theories
Teleological or consequence-oriented theory Deontological or duty-oriented theory Virtue ethics LO 2.2 Identify the major principles of contemporary consequence-oriented, duty-oriented, and virtue ethics reasoning.
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Consequence-Oriented Theory
2-11 Consequence-Oriented Theory Also known as teleological theory Judges the rightness of a decision based on the outcome Act- or rule- utilitarianism Principle of utility Requires the rule used to make the decision brings about positive results when generalized to a wide variety of situations LO 2.2 Identify the major principles of contemporary consequence-oriented, duty-oriented, and virtue ethics reasoning. 11
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Deontological/Duty-Oriented Theory
2-12 Deontological/Duty-Oriented Theory Focuses on essential rightness or wrongness of act, not consequence Immanuel Kant defined categorical imperative There are no exceptions (categorical) from the rule (imperative) LO 2.2 Identify the major principles of contemporary consequence-oriented, duty-oriented, and virtue ethics reasoning. 12
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2-13 Virtue Ethics Focuses on traits, characteristics, and virtues a moral person should have Someone who has practical wisdom, sense of justice, and courage will make the right decision Alasdair MacIntyre Critics worry that the past may not provide the right answer LO 2.2 Identify the major principles of contemporary consequence-oriented, duty-oriented, and virtue ethics reasoning. 13
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Steps in Ethical Decision-Making
2-14 Steps in Ethical Decision-Making LO 2.2 Identify the major principles of contemporary consequence-oriented, duty-oriented, and virtue ethics reasoning. 14
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Principles of Health Care Ethics
2-15 Principles of Health Care Ethics Autonomy or self-determination Beneficence Nonmaleficence Confidentiality Justice Role fidelity Veracity LO 2.3 Define the basic principles of health care ethics. 15
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Autonomy or Self-Determination
2-16 Autonomy or Self-Determination Capacity to be one’s own person, make decisions on one’s own reasons, and not be manipulated or dictated to by external forces Characterized by: Competency Ability to act on the decision Respect for the autonomy of others LO 2.3 Define the basic principles of health care ethics. 16
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2-17 Beneficence Promote health for the patient above any other considerations Perform acts to help people stay healthy or recover from illness LO 2.3 Define the basic principles of health care ethics. 17
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Nonmaleficence The duty to “do no harm”
2-18 Nonmaleficence The duty to “do no harm” Technology has made this principle difficult to follow Many drugs and treatments have the power to heal but may also have serious side effects LO 2.3 Define the basic principles of health care ethics. 18
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2-19 Confidentiality Health care professionals must always protect patient privacy Health Information Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Mandates privacy and confidentiality of medical records Health care professionals are in the most likely position to violate confidentiality rules LO 2.3 Define the basic principles of health care ethics. 19
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Justice What is due an individual
2-20 Justice What is due an individual Many would argue that everyone is entitled to health care regardless of ability to pay for the care Others argue that people must take responsibility for their actions before assuming they can have justice LO 2.3 Define the basic principles of health care ethics. 20
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2-21 Role Fidelity Health care practitioners have a specific scope of practice for which they are licensed Practitioners must be true to their roles and not practice in an area in which they are not licensed LO 2.3 Define the basic principles of health care ethics. 21
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Veracity Truth-telling
2-22 Veracity Truth-telling Has always had an ambiguous place in the health care practitioner’s world Consider the role of placebos LO 2.3 Define the basic principles of health care ethics. 22
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Conceptual Model of Law and Ethics
2-23 Conceptual Model of Law and Ethics LO 2.3 Define the basic principles of health care ethics. 23
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