1. The Reformation

2. The Reformation What made Protestants different from Catholics?
What were some of the differences among Protestants?

5. Launching the Reformation
The Late Medieval Church
Reputation for Corruption
“Worldly” popes and clergy
“Ignorance”

6. Launching the Reformation
Salvation and Authority*
Salvation something to “achieve” through “good works”
Authority
Sacred Scripture
Tradition of the Church
Popes and councils

7. Launching the Reformation
Indulgences
Began as monetary gifts
Became means of relaxing penance
“Treasury of Merits”
Indulgence preaching

8. Launching the Reformation
Martin Luther ( )
Saxon law student
“Lightning storm”  Augustinian Order (1505)
Tortured soul
To Wittenberg
Doctorate (1512)
Professor
Studied New Testament

9. Launching the Reformation
Luther’s New Beliefs
God is righteous, but gracious
Humanity does not deserve grace, but is “given” it
“The righteous man shall live by faith” (Romans 1:17)

10. Launching the Reformation
The Indulgence Controversy
Indulgence sales in HRE
Penned NINETY-FIVE THESES
Theses circulated far and wide

11. Launching the Reformation
Luther the Rebel
Papal bull drafted threatening excommunication (1520)
Luther’s revolutionary ideas
SOLA SCRIPTURA
SOLA FIDE
“PRIESTHOOD OF ALL BELIEVERS”
Two sacraments

12. Launching the Reformation
The Diet of Worms (April 17-18, 1521)
Church and emperor wanted resolution!
Refused to recant: “Unless I am convinced by Scripture…”
Luther declared an outlaw (May 26, 1521)

13. Launching the Reformation

14. Launching the Reformation

15. Launching the Reformation

16. Launching the Reformation
Questions?

17. The Reformation Elsewhere
John Calvin ( )
Reformer of Geneva
Institutes of the Christian Religion (1559)
Major Teachings
Majesty of God
Depravity of humanity
Predestination

18. The Reformation Elsewhere
Geneva under Calvin
Had to work with city government
Service of preaching, prayer, singing
Discipline strictly enforced
Relief provided to poor

19. The Reformation Elsewhere
The Anabaptists
Radical beliefs
BELIEVER’S BAPTISM
Hands off for state!
Pacifism
Outside mainstream of church and society
Perceived as threat  persecuted

20. The Reformation Elsewhere

21. The Reformation Elsewhere

22. The Reformation Elsewhere
Henry VIII (r )
Renaissance prince, loyal Catholic
Married Catherine of Aragon  one surviving (female) child!
The King’s “Great Matter”
Henry wanted a divorce (1527)
Pope would not grant it
Met Anne Boleyn

23. The Reformation Elsewhere
Henry’s Legal Reformation ( )
English ties to Rome severed
Henry divorced and remarried
ACT OF SUPREMACY

24. The Reformation Elsewhere
Elizabeth I (r )
Succeeded to English throne after Edward VI, Mary I
Sympathetic to Protestantism
Religious question must be resolved!
Best method: compromise

25. The Reformation Elsewhere
The Elizabethan Religious Settlement
New Act of Supremacy (1559)
Centrist Protestant church
Protestant doctrine
Traditional in celebration, organization
Book of Common Prayer

26. The Reformation Elsewhere
Questions?

27. Early Modern Catholicism
The Response of the Roman Church
Protestant Reformation  major loss
Church determined to reform itself
Church had to respond to “heretics”

28. Early Modern Catholicism
The Society of Jesus (1540)
Founder: Ignatius of Loyola ( )
Offered services to papacy
Obedience!
Very important missionaries, educators
Francis Xavier among Indians

29. Early Modern Catholicism

30. Early Modern Catholicism
Papal Leadership in Reform
Some holy popes!
Created Roman Inquisition (1542)
INDEX OF PROHIBITED BOOKS (1559)
Pius V (r ) venerating a crucifix

31. Early Modern Catholicism
Council of Trent ( )
Reform decrees issued
Doctrine
SCRIPTURE AND TRADITION
Seven sacraments
Justification BY FAITH AND WORKS
Bishops expected to implement in dioceses

32. Early Modern Catholicism
St. Peter’s Basilica, Vatican City
Consecrated 1626
Bernini, St. Peter’s Square ( )

33. Early Modern Catholicism
Questions?

34. The Reformation What made Protestants different from Catholics?
What were some of the differences among Protestants?