1. Public Architecture
Review

2. Stonehenge
c BCE (Neolithic)

3. Ishtar Gate and Throne Room Wall
Neo-Babylonia c. 575 BCE

4. Ishtar Gate and Throne Room Wall
Neo-Babylonia c. 575 BCE

5. The Ishtar Gate was built around Babylon under Nebuchadnezzar II (604- 562 B.C.).

6. Pont du Gard Late 1st Century Nimes, France
Aqueducts helped to deliver and channel water from a source to urban centers
Roman roads and aqueducts were highly durable and practical because of the use of concrete construction.
Since Roman concrete construction allowed for roads and bridges to be extremely durable, many of them continue to last to today. With only a few repairs, Roman aqueducts built about two thousand years ago can function again. The aqueduct at Pont du Gard is a powerful reminder of Rome’s rapid spread and enduring impact. Entirely functional, the aqueduct conveys the balance, proportion, and rhythmic harmony of a great work of art and fits naturally into the landscape, a reflection of the Romans’ attitude toward the land.
Pont du Gard
Late 1st Century
Nimes, France 6

7. Since the Romans had such a massive empire, a vast and sophisticated network of roads, bridges, and aqueducts were built.
Roads helped to efficiently move the armies, promote commerce, and increase the speed of transport and communications.
Connect to the Incan Empire, which also had thousands of miles of roads. Messages could be carried between Cuzco and the edges of the empire in about a week.
An example of a still intact Roman road. The diagram on the right demonstrates the Romans practicality in their use of concrete construction when building their roads. (See medium: concrete) 7

8. The Colosseum
73-80 CE

9. The Colosseum
73-80 CE
Most well-known colosseum is The Colosseum in Rome
Construction began under Vespasian in 72 CE and was completed under Titus in 80 CE
Mainly used for entertainment purposes: animal hunts, gladiator battles, animal performances, mock sea battles (which the arena could be flooded), executions, re-enactments of famous battles, and dramas based on mythology

10. Arch of Constantine 312-315 CE
Constantine is understood as the first Christian emperor of the Roman Empire.
The legend of Constantine, which Constantine himself promoted, says that before the Battle of Milvian Bridge, he had seen a vision of a cross—but pagan Romans had seen visions for centuries. In fact, this was not the first vision Constantine had seen; he had earlier seen Apollo, who had guaranteed his earlier military victories. But at a feast concluding the Council of Nicaea in 325 (which he had summoned), Constantine first gave a public account —13 years after the fact—of the apparition he had experienced, and Eusebius, his obsequious biographer, reported it for us:
"The Emperor said that about the noon hour, when the day was already beginning to wane, he saw with his own eyes in the sky above the Sun a cross composed of light, and that there was attached to it an inscription saying, 'By this conquer.' At the sight, he said, astonishment seized him and all the troops who were accompanying him on the journey and were observers of the miracle. He said, moreover, that he doubted within himself what the import of this apparition could be. And while he continued to ponder and reason on its meaning, night suddenly came on; then in his sleep, the Christ of God appeared to him with the same sign which he had seen in the heavens, and commanded him to make a likeness of that sign which he had seen in the heavens, and to use it as a safeguard [i.e., a charm] in all engagements with his enemies. At dawn of day, he arose, and communicated the marvel to his friends; and then, calling together the workers in gold and precious stones, he sat in the midst of them, and described to them the figure of the sign he had seen, bidding them represent it in gold and precious stones. And this representation I myself have had opportunity of seeing" (Eusebius, Life of Constantine, Book 1, chapter 30).
If indeed Constantine saw or heard something, it was a demonic vision and voice, not a word from God. Brown tells us that after his "conversion," "The first Christian emperor accepted pagan honours from the citizens of Athens. He ransacked the Aegean for pagan classical statuary to adorn Constantinople. He treated a pagan philosopher as a colleague. He paid the travelling expenses of a pagan priest who visited the pagan monuments of Egypt" (Brown, p. 88). Sol Invictus, the pagan Sun god, was honored on Constantine's coins until 321.
It was this man who is credited with making "Christianity" the lawful religion of the Empire, but Constantine, himself not knowing what Christianity is, turned to the Catholic bishops, who gave him various answers. That was intolerable. And for that reason, Constantine summoned councils in an attempt to unify the Empire theologically, just as he had unified it militarily in 324, when he defeated Licinius, his last rival for power. Councils assembled in response to his orders and those of subsequent emperors; and creedal formulations from the fourth century onward become the creedal formulations approved by the Roman Emperor. All who disagreed were banished from the Empire, or punished in more painful ways.
In 324, after defeating Licinius, Constantine proclaimed himself head of the Catholic Church and summoned bishops to Nicaea for a council in which he himself would preside. Two hundred fifty obeyed. In another summons he wrote: "such is the regard I pay to the lawful Catholic Church that I desire you to leave no schism or division of any kind anywhere."
Arch of Constantine CE

11. Arch of Constantine 312-315 CE
     The Arch of Constantine was erected between 312 and 315 CE by the Senate in honor of his military triumph over Maxentius at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge. 
A substantial portion of the decoration on the Arch of Constantine was taken from other earlier monuments in an attempt to liken Constantine to his great predecessors, Trajan, Hadrian, and Marcus Aurelius. The reused items visually transferred the old Roman virtues of strength, courage, and piety associated with these earlier emperors to Constantine.
In the detail shown above the frieze-like panel dates from Constantine's reign and depicts him giving his first speech to the people after triumphing over Maxentius.  He visually places himself within the lineage of great emperors through the figures of Hadrian and Marcus Aurelius that flank his figure in the relief. 
The two roundels above are from a Hadrianic monument. The first shows the emperor sacrificing to Apollo before a hunt and the second shows him hunting boar.  This may have been an attempt by Hadrian to show both his piety and his prowess and by replacing Hadrian's head on the relief with his own portrait--Constantine does the same.
Arch of Constantine CE

12. Trajan's Market (Latin: Mercatus Traiani, Italian: Mercati di Traiano) is a large complex of ruins in the city of Rome, Italy, located on the Via dei Fori Imperiali, at the opposite end to the Colosseum. The buildings and structures present a living model of life in the Roman capital and a glimpse at the continuing restoration in the city which reveals new treasures and insights about Ancient Roman architecture.
The upper levels of the market were used for offices while the lower part, in front of Trajan's Forum, had shops selling oil, wines, seafood, groceries, vegetables and fruit. Medieval houses built on the top floor face the semicircular segment of the Via Biberatica. The lower part of the market today shows two levels: a ground floor level for shops, with an entry made in travertine, surmounted by an arch. The second level was formed by adjoining shops selling wines and oil. A third level, today visible only as some walls, was discovered at the Via Biberatica and was probably used for grocers' shops. On the lower part there are also two large halls, probably used for auditions or concerts. A shop housed in the Market is known as a taberna
The market is roofed by a concrete vault raised on piers, both covering and allowing air and light into the central space. The market itself is constructed primarily out of brick and concrete.
Trajan’s Market

13. Basilica Ulpia was dedicated in 113 CE and named for the family to which the Roman Emperor Trajan belonged. (Marcus Ulpius Trajan) It was used as a court of law at the time.
A basilica is a large rectangular building, with a rounded extension called an apse at each end.
They were used as general-purpose administrative structures, but their use could be adapted to a range of purposes: imperial audience chambers, army drill halls, schools.
Their design provided a large interior space with easy access in and out.
Much like a cathedral, they possessed a clerestory, nave, and separated side aisles.
Public basilicas began to appear in Hellenistic cities in the 2nd century B.C.E.
Restored perspective view of the central hall, Basilica Ulpia, Rome 113 C.E. Drawn by Gilbert Gorski

14. Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine Finished 312 C.E.
The Basilica Maxentius was the largest building in the Roman Forum. Construction began under Emperor Maxentius in 308 CE and was completed by Constantine after Max’s defeat in 312 CE.
Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine Finished 312 C.E.

15. Floorplan for the Basilica Maxentius and Constantine Completed 312 CE
Note the nave, clerestory, and side aisles. This building was built using arches instead of columns to support the ceiling.
Floorplan for the Basilica Maxentius and Constantine Completed 312 CE

16. Ara Pacis, Rome 13-9 BCE marble
the Altar of Augustan Peace
the Ara Pacis commemorates Augustus’s triumphal return to Rome after establishing Roman rile in Gaul (present day France and Belgium)
this work is a carefully articulated expression of political propaganda: it is meant to celebrate Augustus as both a warrior and peacemaker
Ara Pacis, Rome 13-9 BCE marble

17. 3
The depiction of children in an official relief was new to the Augustan period and reflects Augustan’s desire to promote family life.
Roman Realism: a portrait of the imperial family
1. Tiberius (the next emperor after Augustus, Livia’s eldest son)
2. Antonia (niece of Augustus)
3. Drusus (Livia’s younger son, married to Antonia)
4. Germanicus
5. Gnaeus
6. Domitia 6 1 4 5 2
Imperial Procession, detail of a relief on the south side of the Ara Pacis

18. Allegory of Peace, relief on the east side of the Ara Pacis
The mother Earth (Tellus Mater) nurtures the Roman People
on either side: the land wind (left): swan, jug of fresh water, and the vegetation symbolizes fertility of Roman farms and the sea wind (right): dominance over the Mediterranean
Allegory of Peace, relief on the east side of the Ara Pacis

19. The Forbidden City

20. Pueblos
Anasazi culture c CE

21. wood, shell, grass, flax, pigments
Maori meetinghouse
New Zealand
wood, shell, grass, flax, pigments

22. Inka Masonry: Machu Picchu, Peru

23. The Foundling Hospital (Ospedale degli Innocenti)
Brunelleschi
Early Renaissance

24. Palladio and Jefferson and Boyle

25. Palladio Villa Rotunda Palladio Villa Rotunda 1550
See pages in Stokstad
Palladio
Villa Rotunda

26. Andrea Palladio
He pursued mathematical clarity in both plan and elevation, stemming from the Renaissance belief that beauty could be attained through the use of geometry and measurement.
His buildings were largely intended as reconstructions of antique architecture, based on his reading of Vitruvius’ De Architectura.
His villas, the most influential part of his work, use the temple front, because Palladio believed that this was also a feature of antique domestic architecture.
Palladio conceived of architecture as something rational, which obeyed rules: if a work is created according to rules, it can be imitated and taught, assuming that the same basic precepts are imparted.
Expect geometrical symmetry

27. Palladio
Villa Rotunda elevation
1550

28. Palladio
Villa Rotunda
1550
See pages in Stokstad

29. Designed by James Hoban; it was built between 1792 and 1800 of white-painted Aquia sandstone in the late Georgian style.
In the mainstream of Georgian style were both Palladian architecture— and its whimsical alternatives, Gothic and Chinoiserie, which were the English-speaking world's equivalent of European Rococo. From the mid-1760s a range of Neoclassical modes were fashionable, associated with the British architects Robert Adam, James Gibbs, Sir William Chambers, James Wyatt, Henry Holland and Sir John Soane. Greek Revival was added to the design repertory, after Georgian architecture is characterized by its proportion and balance; simple mathematical ratios were used to determine the height of a window in relation to its width or the shape of a room as a double cube. "Regular" was a term of approval, implying symmetry and adherence to classical rules: the lack of symmetry, where Georgian additions were added to earlier structures, was deeply felt as a flaw.
The White House

30. The Jefferson Memorial
Built from 1939 to 1943; the neoclassical building was designed by John Russell Pope.
The Jefferson Memorial

31. University of Virginia
Architect: Thomas Jefferson, ca
University of Virginia

32. Architect: Thomas Jefferson, ca. 1772.
Monticello

33. Chiswick House 1724-1729 Richard Boyle, the third earl of Burlington East London, England
geometrical symmetry
Chiswick House Richard Boyle, the third earl of Burlington East London, England

34. Chiswick House 1724-1729 Richard Boyle, the third earl of Burlington East London, England