1. Where are the World’s Migrants Distributed?
Chapter 3 Key Issue 1
Where are the World’s Migrants Distributed?

2. Big Question
Create a chart telling what migration is and describing the different types of migration and give examples: emigration; immigration; international; internal; voluntary; forced; interregional; and intraregional.
Describe the basics of Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration and how they help us understand migration.

3. Key Terms Migration Step Migration Mobility Counter Migration
Circulation
International Migration
Emigration
Zelinsky’s Migration Transition Model
Immigration
Voluntary Migration
Net Migration
Forced Migration
Push Factors
Interregional Migration
Pull Factors
Intraregional Migration
Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration

4. Introducing Migration
A permanent move to a new location is known as migration
Migration helps to spread certain characteristics such as culture, religion, and language through relocation diffusion and humans have been migrating around Earth since the beginning
Migration is a type of mobility
Other forms of mobility include daily commutes to work, school, or church, known as circulation, or seasonal mobility as seen with college students or migratory farm workers

5. Introducing Migration
The flow of migration always involves two-way connections…someone exiting a place (emigration) and someone coming into a place (immigration)
The difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants is known as net migration (ex. The U.S. has a positive net migration or net in- migration because more people are coming in every than are leaving…Syria has a negative net migration or net out- migration with more leaving than entering)
See figures 3-2 for a cartogram map of emigration and figure 3-3 for a cartogram of immigration

6. Introducing Migration
Migration is much more feasible than in the past with new methods of transportation
Traditionally, migrants have taken their culture with them into a new region and had to assimilate or acculturate to the new area but in the recent past, new methods of communication have allowed culture and economy to diffuse rapidly around the world
Understanding why people risk so much to migrate to a new location tells us about strong factors in the country they leave called push factors and the appeal of the country they go to called pull factors

7. International Net Migration
In the 1880s, a German geographer named E.G. Ravenstein created 7 laws for the study of migration. Ravenstein’s Laws are still used to study migration today.
Short Distances – Most migrants only travel a short distance. Distance decay prevents them from moving farther (ex. Syrians migrants move to Turkey)
Urban Areas – Most migrants gravitate towards large urban areas, looking for economic opportunities (ex. Cubans move to Miami Florida)

8. International Net Migration
Multiple Steps – Most migration occurs through step migration where they reach their ultimate destination through a series of smaller moves.
Rural to Urban – Most migration has taken this pattern from rural to urban such as in the Industrial Revolution when farmers were replaced with machines and they moved to cities to be factory workers

9. International Net Migration
Counter Migration – Each migration flow produces a movement in the opposite direction called counter migration (ex. Americans moving to Mexico while millions of Mexicans move to the U.S. in the late 1990/early 2000s)
Youth – Most migrants are between the ages of 20-45
Gender Patterns – Most international migrants are males while most internal migrants are female

10. International Net Migration
International migration is a permanent move from one country to another
214 million people worldwide are international migrants
The three largest flows of migration are from Latin America to North America, South Asia to Europe, and South Asia to Southwest Asia (Middle East)

11. International Net Migration
Largest flow from a single country to another is Mexico to the U.S.
U.S. has the most foreign-born residents on the planet with 42 million (2015)
Countries with the highest net in-migration are those in SW Asia (Middle East = Oil)
Migratory patterns typically see people emigrating from countries with low incomes and high natural increase rates to wealthy countries with jobs

12. International Net Migration
Wilbur Zelinsky connected migration patterns to the Demographic Transition Model (Table 3-1 on P. 81)
Zelinsky claimed that international migration primarily occurs in stage 2 & 3 countries due to high population and they move to stage 4 & 5 countries
Zelinsky’s Migration Transition Model also says internal migration happens in stages 3 & 4 (cities to suburbs)

13. International and Internal Migration
International Migration occurs for two reasons:
Voluntary migration – migrants choose to leave, usually for economic, social, or environmental reasons
Forced migration – migrant is pushed to leave country for cultural, social, political, or environmental reasons

14. International and Internal Migration
Internal Migration tends to be less dramatic on the migrants since they typically find similar language, foods, music, literature, and culture. This form of migration is divided into two types:
Interregional migration – one region to another (ex. U.S. Midwest to South)
Intraregional migration – movement within one region to another (ex. Ohio to Michigan or West Dayton to East Dayton)

15. Changing U.S. Migration
The U.S. is a favorite study of geographers when it comes to migration, 98% of all Americans are descendants of immigrants or immigrants themselves
The U.S. has three main eras of immigration:
Colonial settlement (European and Sub-Saharan African)in the late 1700s/early 1800s
Mass European immigration in the late 1800s/early 1900s
Asian and Latin American immigration in the late 1900s/early 2000s

16. Changing U.S. Migration Italy, Russia, Greece, Austria-Hungary
Scandinavia
Latin America & Asia
Ireland and Germany
World War II
Ireland and Germany

17. Big Questions & Key Terms
Create a chart telling what migration is and describing the different types of migration and give examples: emigration; immigration; international; internal; voluntary; forced; interregional; and intraregional.
Describe the basics of Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration and how they help us understand migration.
Migration
Step Migration
Mobility
Counter Migration
Circulation
International Migration
Emigration
Zelinsky’s Migration Transition Model
Immigration
Voluntary Migration
Net Migration
Forced Migration
Push Factors
Interregional Migration
Pull Factors
Intraregional Migration
Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration