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A Second Global Conflict and the End of the European World Order
31 A Second Global Conflict and the End of the European World Order
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Figure The victorious Japanese armies subjected the tens of thousands European and American prisoners captured in their swift conquest of southeast Asia in 1941–1942 to forced marches to remote prison camps. Many of those who survived these "death marches" perished in the harsh conditions of internment. This photograph, stolen from Japanese files by Filipinos during Japan's three-year occupation, shows Japanese soldiers standing guard over American prisoners of war just before the "death march" began. Figure The victorious Japanese armies subjected the tens of thousands European and American prisoners captured in their swift conquest of southeast Asia in 1941–1942 to forced marches to remote prison camps. Many of those who survived these "death marches" perished in the harsh conditions of internment. This photograph, stolen from Japanese files by Filipinos during Japan's three-year occupation, shows Japanese soldiers standing guard over American prisoners of war just before the "death march" began.
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Chapter Overview Old and New Causes of a Second World War
Unchecked Aggression and the Coming of War in Europe and the Pacific The Conduct of a Second Global War
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Chapter Overview War's End and the Emergence of the Superpower Standoff in the Cold War Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa
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TIMELINE 1930 C.E. to 1960 C.E. TIMELINE 1930 C.E. to 1960 C.E.
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Old and New Causes of a Second World War
Guomindang Chinese reunification Japanese invade Manchuria, Manchuko, 1931
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Old and New Causes of a Second World War
Rehearsals: Dictators, Militarism, and the Agony of the Spanish Civil War Germany Response to Soviet Union, World War I losses National Socialist (Nazi) party Italy Ethiopia
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Total War, Global Devastation
Development factors Nationalism Steadily more destructive weapons Vast use of resources Emotional commitment Passionate propaganda Destruction Psychological suffering Physical decimation of weaponry
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Unchecked Aggression and the Coming of War in Europe and the Pacific
Winston Churchill The Japanese Invasion of China 1937 Guomindang retreat Deadly contest to control east Asia
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Figure As Chinese resistance to Japanese invasion in 1937 and 1938 stiffened, the invading armies resorted to random, mass executions to cow Chinese soldiers and civilians into submission. Figure As Chinese resistance to Japanese invasion in 1937 and 1938 stiffened, the invading armies resorted to random, mass executions to cow Chinese soldiers and civilians into submission.
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Unchecked Aggression and the Coming of War in Europe and the Pacific
The Partition of Poland and Nazi Preparations for War in the West Germany Invades Poland, 1939 Britain and France declare war
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Figure Sober-faced and weeping Czechs watch the entry of the Nazi armies into Prague in the spring of 1939, as Hitler completes the takeover of the tiny democracy that was betrayed by the duplicity and cowardice of Allied leaders. Figure Sober-faced and weeping Czechs watch the entry of the Nazi armies into Prague in the spring of 1939, as Hitler completes the takeover of the tiny democracy that was betrayed by the duplicity and cowardice of Allied leaders.
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The Conduct of a Second Global War
West reacts slowly Nazi Blitzkrieg, Stalemate, and the Long Retreat Germany Conquers France, Low Countries Vichy Northern Africa
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Map World War II in Europe and the Middle East The Nazi empire in Europe and the Middle East both rose and fell with remarkable speed but at the cost of tens of millions of lives. Map World War II in Europe and the Middle East The Nazi empire in Europe and the Middle East both rose and fell with remarkable speed but at the cost of tens of millions of lives.
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The Conduct of a Second Global War
Nazi Blitzkrieg, Stalemate, and the Long Retreat Britain Winston Churchill Battle of Britain Russia Germany invades, 1941 1943, driven back
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Figure Erwin Rommel was the Germans' most daring general, earning the nickname "the Desert Fox" when he fought in north Africa. In 1944, when it was clear that Germany was losing the war, he came under suspicion of having plotted to kill Hitler. Rommel was given the choice of taking poison and being buried as a hero or being tried for treason. He chose poison; his death was presented to the German public as the result of war injuries. Figure Erwin Rommel was the Germans' most daring general, earning the nickname "the Desert Fox" when he fought in north Africa. In 1944, when it was clear that Germany was losing the war, he came under suspicion of having plotted to kill Hitler. Rommel was given the choice of taking poison and being buried as a hero or being tried for treason. He chose poison; his death was presented to the German public as the result of war injuries.
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The Conduct of a Second Global War
From Persecution to Genocide: Hitler's War Against the Jews Holocaust begins, 1942 Up to 12 million "undesirables" killed 6 million Jews Western Allies Did not accept immigrants Did not use military assets to strike against concentration camps
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The Conduct of a Second Global War
Anglo-American Offensives, Encirclement, and the End of the 12-Year Reich Pearl Harbor, 1941 United States joins Allies Americans and British North Africa, 1942 Success against Germans, Italians
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The Conduct of a Second Global War
Anglo-American Offensives, Encirclement, and the End of the 12-Year Reich Americans and British France, 1944 Battle of the Bulge Germany surrenders, 1945 Suicide of Hitler
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Figure U.S. warships in flames at the American base at Pearl Harbor following a Japanese attack on December 7, The attack brought the United States into World War II. Figure U.S. warships in flames at the American base at Pearl Harbor following a Japanese attack on December 7, The attack brought the United States into World War II.
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The Conduct of a Second Global War
The Rise and Fall of the Japanese Empire in the Pacific War Japan Attacks U.S., 1941 Indonesia, Malaya, Burma, Philippines
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Map Asia and the Pacific in World War II Although the human cost in this theatre of the war was the highest in China, the decisive battles were fought on the seas and islands of the vast Pacific Ocean. Map Asia and the Pacific in World War II Although the human cost in this theatre of the war was the highest in China, the decisive battles were fought on the seas and islands of the vast Pacific Ocean.
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The Conduct of a Second Global War
The Rise and Fall of the Japanese Empire in the Pacific War U.S. Some success by late 1942 Battle of the Coral Sea Midway Island Air attacks on Japan, 1944 Atomic bombs Hiroshima, Nagasaki
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War's End and the Emergence of the Superpower Standoff
United Nations (UN) Security Council U.S., Soviet Union, Britain, France, China World Court
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War's End and the Emergence of the Superpower Standoff
From Hot War to Cold War Teheran Conference, 1944 U.S., Britain, France Yalta Conference, 1945 Germany, four occupation zones Potsdam Conference, 1945 Germany, Austria divided, occupied Japan invaded, loses territories
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War's End and the Emergence of the Superpower Standoff
From Hot War to Cold War Korea freed, divided into two zones China Regains territory Communists v. Nationalists Baltic States Become Soviet provinces Except Yugoslavia, Greece
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Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa
Total war Atlantic Charter of 1941 Self-determination
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Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa
The Winning of Independence in South and Southeast Asia Indian National Congress Quit India Movement, 1942 Gandhi Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Muslim League British Labour government, 1945 Hindu/Muslim conflict India, Pakistan, 1947
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Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa
The Winning of Independence in South and Southeast Asia Gandhi assassinated, 1948 Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Myanmar (Burma) Peaceful independence Philippines U.S. grants independence
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Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa
The Winning of Independence in South and Southeast Asia Dutch Lose Indonesia to nationalists, 1949 French Indochina
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Figure In 1931 Mahatma Gandhi returned to Great Britain for the first time since his student days in Although his attempts to negotiate with British leaders came to little, he was a great hit with the British public, in part because of his sly sense of humor. When asked if he was embarrassed to meet King George V in the scant khadi-cloth apparel he wears in this photo, Gandhi quipped that the king-emperor had on enough clothes for the both of them. Figure In 1931 Mahatma Gandhi returned to Great Britain for the first time since his student days in Although his attempts to negotiate with British leaders came to little, he was a great hit with the British public, in part because of his sly sense of humor. When asked if he was embarrassed to meet King George V in the scant khadi-cloth apparel he wears in this photo, Gandhi quipped that the king-emperor had on enough clothes for the both of them.
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Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa
The Liberation of Nonsettler Africa Two models Radical British Gold Coast (Ghana) Kwame Nkrumah Convention Peoples Party (CPP) Strikes, rallies, boycotts Independence, 1957
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Visualizing the Past National Leaders for a New Global Order Mohandas Gandhi, India.
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Visualizing the Past National Leaders for a New Global Order Léopold Sédar Senghor, Senegal.
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Visualizing the Past National Leaders for a New Global Order Gamal Abdul Nasser, Egypt.
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Visualizing the Past National Leaders for a New Global Order Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana.
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Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa
The Liberation of Nonsettler Africa Peaceful French, Belgian territories Negotiation Senegal, Ivory Coast Léopold Sédar Senghor, Felix Houphouât-Boigny Economic ties retained
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Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa
The Liberation of Nonsettler Africa All French West African colonies freed by 1960 Portuguese retain colonies
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Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa
Repression and Guerrilla War: The Struggle for the Settler Colonies More conflict Kenya Jomo Kenyatta Kenya African Union (KAU) Peaceful efforts fail Land Freedom Army Guerilla tactics Defeated, Kenyatta imprisoned
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Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa
Repression and Guerrilla War: The Struggle for the Settler Colonies Kenya Negotiation with Britain Independence, 1963 Kenyatta president
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Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa
Repression and Guerrilla War: The Struggle for the Settler Colonies Algeria Violent Secret Army Organization (OAS) National Liberation Front Warfare, 1950s Negotiations Independence, 1962
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Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa
The Persistence of White Supremacy in South Africa Angola, Mozambique Revolution Independence, 1975 Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) Independence by 1980
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Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa
The Persistence of White Supremacy in South Africa South Africa Afrikaners Afrikaner National Party White supremacy ideology In control after Anglo-Boer War ( ) Apartheid
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Figure Algerians celebrate after independence was announced in July Inhabitants of the city stand in triumph atop the motorcade of the PGAR (Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic), which negotiated the terms of independence with the French government. Before independence, barricades had been erected throughout the colony to keep European residential areas off limits to the Arabs and Berbers, who made up the overwhelming majority of the population. Figure Algerians celebrate after independence was announced in July Inhabitants of the city stand in triumph atop the motorcade of the PGAR (Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic), which negotiated the terms of independence with the French government. Before independence, barricades had been erected throughout the colony to keep European residential areas off limits to the Arabs and Berbers, who made up the overwhelming majority of the population.
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Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa
Conflicting Nationalisms: Arabs, Israelis, and the Palestinian Question Arab nations Most independent by 1960s Palestine Zionist movement Holocaust
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Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa
Conflicting Nationalisms: Arabs, Israelis, and the Palestinian Question Palestine Muslim revolt, 1936–1939 Haganah 1948, Palestine divided Warfare
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Map The Partition of Palestine After World War II The areas granted to the Palestinian people by the 1948 UN Partition were quickly occupied by the warring states of Israel and Egypt, Jordan and Syria. Map The Partition of Palestine After World War II The areas granted to the Palestinian people by the 1948 UN Partition were quickly occupied by the warring states of Israel and Egypt, Jordan and Syria.
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