1. 3rd Punic War (149 B.C.E.) Carthage pretty decimated
Massive debt and attacked by neighbors
Senator Cato called for its complete destruction
Siege and destruction of Carthage
Lasted 3 years
Romans eventually broke through
Slaughtered Carthaginians; razed Carthage to the ground; enslaved survivors

2. Chapter 7.2 The Decline of the Roman Republic

3. Growing Unrest Growing gap between rich and poor
Senate too powerful
Small farms decline; huge estates rise (used slaves)
Farmers move to cities
Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus attempt to give land back to peasants
Both assassinated

4. New Role of the Army
Marius (107 B.C.E.) changes way to recruit soldiers
Volunteers from landless poor
Loyal to general, NOT to Rome
Land promised to them
Generals must get involved in politics
Sulla dissolves popular assemblies (keeps Senate)
Importance: Example of “Might makes right”

5. End of the Republic (82-31 B.C.E.)
Triumvirate
A government by three people with equal power
1st Triumvirate
Julius Caesar
Pompey
Crassus

6. 1st Triumvirate Dominated the political scene
Julius---->Gaul
Crassus---->Syria
Pompey---->Spain
Dominated the political scene
Crassus killed in 53 B.C.E.
Senate wants Caesar to step down
Julius crosses Rubicon River
Civil War in Rome
Caesar victorious over Pompey
Officially made dictator

7. Dictator for Life (47 B.C.E.)
Caesar’s Reforms
Increased size of Senate
Gave land to poor
Citizenship to allies
Ides of March, 44 B.C.E.
Julius assassinated by group of Senate members
Threw Rome into chaos

8. Grandnephew and heir to Julius
2nd Triumvirate (44-31 B.C.E.)
Octavian
Marc Antony
Lepidus
Grandnephew and heir to Julius

9. 1st Roman Emperor Octavian becomes Augustus Caesar
Given title of imperator (commander-in-chief)
Large standing army
Augustus’ reign stabilizes society
Augustus rebuilds and beautifies Rome
Strengthens morale
Declared a god upon death by the Senate