1. Mapping 101 Part 1: How maps are made
Geography 7 & 8

2. Warm-up Activity
In groups of 4, put together the different continents to create a World map.

3. Warm-Up Activity
What problems did you encounter when trying to put your maps together to form a World map?
Sample student answers may include:
Shapes of continents were different shapes
Scale of the continents were different
Orientation of the continents were different
Projections of the different maps were different

4. Projections
Projections are used to turn a sphere (the Earth) into something flat (a map)
Projections cause distortion to the shape of objects on Earth

5. Map with lots of distortion
Africa is actually 14 times bigger than Greenland but they appear to be about the same size on this Mercator Projection map.

6. Map with less distortion
Robinson equal-area projection: The relative sizes of the continents are more realistic in this map projection.

7. Distortion & Map Projections
Different projections give continents different shapes and sizes
Jacobsen orthographic
Gall-Peters cylindrical
Lambert azimuthal

8. Projections There are 3 types of projections:
Cylindrical
Conical
Azimuthal (Planar)
When (or where) do we use the different projections?

9. 3D to 2D: How do they do it?

10. World Map

11. Weird World Map?

12. Mapping 101: Elements of a Map
Geography 7 & 8

13. What are the different elements of a map?
Image
Coordinate System
Projection
Scale
Legend

14. Images used for maps

15. Coordinate Systems
Coordinate systems help us find locations around the globe
Lines of latitude go around the globe
Lines of longitude go up and down the globe

16. Projections There are 3 types of projections: Cylindrical Conical
Azimuthal (Planar)

17. Scale
Scale is the ratio of a distance on the map to the actual distance on the Earth
Scale is usually shown in the legend

18. Map Legends
Legends are important as they explain the symbols used on maps.
Different maps have different kinds of legends.
Ask students:
How these two legends are different?
What kind of maps would these two legends be used in?

19. Map Legends

20. Symbols & Lines for Our Map
We must agree upon symbols for our World map.
We need symbols for:
Water bodies
Mountain Ranges
Capital cities
Major cities
Etc.
We need lines for:
Latitude
Longitude
Equator
Arctic Circle
Country borders
Provincial & Territorial borders (Canada only)
Etc.
Do we need symbols or lines for anything else?

21. Mapping 101: How do we use maps?
Geography 7 & 8

22. How do we use maps?
Try to think of the different ways in which maps can be used.

23. How are maps used? To show political boundaries (country maps)
To navigate (road maps)
To show physical features (mountains, rivers)
To map changes over time (growth of cities)
To track weather events (hurricanes,
To monitor environmental impacts (deforestation)
Etc.

24. Maps of Canada Relief Map (shows elevation)
Language Map (shows Aboriginal Languages of Canada & Alaska)

25. New Maps: Landsat Satellite Images

26. New Maps: Radarsat Satellite Images

27. Urban Sprawl in Las Vegas, 1984-2000
We can use maps to track urban sprawl and better plan cities.

28. Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill, 2010
We can also use maps to tract environmental disasters likes the BP Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico or Hurricane Katrina in Louisiana

29. Forest Fires, California
We can even see forest fires like this one in the San Bernardino Valley in California