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Reproductive Cycles in the Female

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Presentation on theme: "Reproductive Cycles in the Female"— Presentation transcript:

1 Reproductive Cycles in the Female
Animal Science 434 Reproductive Cycles in the Female

2 Terminology Estrus is a noun. Estrous is an adjective.
The cow is displaying estrus. Estrous is an adjective. The length of the estrous cycle is 21 days. Oestrus and Oestrous British and European spellings Estrus and Heat are synonymous

3 Terminology (cont.) Anestrus
When the female is not having repeated estrous cycles.

4 Types of Cyclicity Polyestrus Queen Cow Sow Relative E2 J F M A S O N
D Queen Cow Sow

5 Types of Cyclicity Seasonally Polyestrus Long day breeders
(Spring) Short day breeders (Fall) Relative E2 J F M A S O N D Relative E2 J F M A S O N D

6 Type of Cyclicity Monoestrus Dog Wolf Bear Relative E2 J F M A S O N D

7 Average Reproductive Cycles
Species Length of Length of Ovulation Length of Estrous Cycle Estrus Pregnancy cow days 18 hr 11 hr after 282 days polyestrus end estrus ewe days 29 hr near end 148 days seasonal (fall) estrus sow days hr hr 115 days polyestrus after start estrus mare days 4-8 days 3-6 day of 335 days seasonal (spring) estrus polyestrus (1-2 days before end of estrus)

8 Average Reproductive Cycles
Species Length of Length of Ovulation Length of Estrous Cycle Estrus Pregnancy Bitch 6 months 9 days days 63 days after start of estrus Queen 17 days 9 days Induced 63 days

9 Variation in Cycle Types
Example Type of Follicular Ovulation & CL Cycle Development CL Formation Function Cow, ewe, Long Spontaneous Spontaneous Spontaneous sow, mare rats, mice, Short Spontaneous Spontaneous Induced hamsters (4 days) (prolactin) rabbit, cat, Induced Spontaneous Induced Induced mink, ferret, (LH surge) otter, alpaca

10 CL Ovulation CA Progesterone PGF 2 a Estradiol FSH LH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 -7 Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge Diestrus Proestrus Estrus Metestrus Diestrus

11 CL Ovulation CA Progesterone PGF 2 a Estradiol FSH LH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 -7 Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge Diestrus Proestrus Estrus Metestrus Diestrus

12 CL Ovulation CA Progesterone PGF 2 a Estradiol FSH LH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 -7 Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge Diestrus Proestrus Estrus Metestrus Diestrus

13 CL Ovulation CA Progesterone PGF 2 a Estradiol FSH LH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 -7 Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge Diestrus Proestrus Estrus Metestrus Diestrus

14 CL Ovulation CA Progesterone PGF 2 a Estradiol FSH LH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 -7 Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge Diestrus Proestrus Estrus Metestrus Diestrus

15 CL Ovulation CA Progesterone PGF a Estradiol FSH LH
Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 -7 LH FSH PGF a Estradiol Progesterone Metestrus Diestrus Proestrus Estrus CL Ovulation

16 Follicular Phase Proestrus Preovulatory follicle enlarges
estrogen increases vascularity of the female reproductive tract increases endometrial glands begin to grow estrogen levels peak

17 CL Ovulation CA Progesterone PGF 2 a Estradiol FSH LH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 -7 Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge Diestrus Proestrus Estrus Metestrus Diestrus

18 Follicular Phase Estrus allows male to mount estrogen decreases
LH surge occurs ovulation hr after surge of LH uterine motility high with contractions moving toward oviduct sperm transport is optimal cervical mucus volume increases

19 CL Ovulation CA Progesterone PGF 2 a Estradiol FSH LH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 -7 Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge Diestrus Proestrus Estrus Metestrus Diestrus

20 Luteal Phase Luteal Phase Metestrus estrogen low ovulation in cow
corpus hemorrhagicum present uterus contractions subside endometrial glands continue to grow and become coiled in cattle bleeding occurs FSH increases triggering growth of follicles

21 CL Ovulation CA Progesterone PGF 2 a Estradiol FSH LH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 -7 Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge Diestrus Proestrus Estrus Metestrus Diestrus

22 Luteal Phase Luteal Phase Diestrus progesterone high FSH
Increases at some point to cause growth of ovulatory follicle Uterus secrets fluid but volume gradually decreases contraction stop CL regresses at the end of this period if female is not pregnant due to PGF release

23 Characteristics of Estrous Cycles
Cow Ewe Sow Mare Estrous cycle (days) Proestrus (days) Estrus hr hr hr 4-8 days Metestrus (days) Diestrus (days)

24 Hormonal Changes in the Bitch
Estrus Proestrus Anestrus Progesterone LH Ovulation E2 FSH -20 10 20 Days

25 Heat 20 day Metestrus I Metestrus II 70 days Progesterone Parturition E2 Prolactin -20 20 40 60 80 Day of Metestrus

26 Hormonal Changes in the Queen
Queen in Estrus (no mating) Estrus (9 days) E2 E2 P4 P4 4 8 12 16 4 8 12 16 20 Weeks

27 Hormonal Changes in the Queen
Queen in Estrus (no mating) Estrus E2 E2 P4 Proestrus (8 days) P4 4 8 12 16 4 8 12 16 20 Weeks

28 Hormonal Changes in the Queen
Queen in Estrus (no mating) Mating Estrus Parturition Pregnancy Lactation E2 E2 P4 Proestrus P4 4 8 12 16 4 8 12 16 20 Weeks

29 Causes of Anestrus Presence of Offspring Pregnancy Season Pathology
Nutrition Stress

30 Gestational Anestrus

31 Gestational Anestrus Progesterone during pregnancy
negative feedback After parturition anestrus continues progesterone exposure during pregnancy hypothalamus Lacks estradiol positive feedback allows time for uterine involution

32 Seasonal Anestrus Horses are long day breeders!

33 Sheep are short day breeders!

34 Estradiol

35 Decreased Negative Feedback
increases Decreased Negative Feedback

36 Estradiol

37 Seasonal Anestrus just like entering puberty silent ovulation

38 + +

39 Silent Ovulation Anestrus Estrus
Brain (hypothalamus) must be primed with Progesterone To Express Estrus in Response to Estrogen

40 Lactational Anestrus

41 Suckling Effect on LH

42

43 Lactational Anestrus Suckling Other offspring factors Prolactin
visual encounter olfactory encounter auditory encounter Prolactin inhibits GnRH release major infertility problem in women who are not lactating

44 Nutritional Anestrus

45 Menstrual Cycle

46 Anterior Pituitary Hormones
LH FSH Progesterone Ovarian Hormones Estradiol Ovulation Corpus Albicans Follicle Corpus Luteum Ovary Recruitment Recruitment Dominance Selection Uterine Endo- metrium 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 2

47 Anterior Pituitary Hormones
Menses 5 days Anterior Pituitary Hormones LH FSH Progesterone Ovarian Hormones Estradiol Ovulation Follicle Corpus Luteum Ovary Uterine Endo- metrium 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 2

48 Anterior Pituitary Hormones
Follicular Phase 9 days Anterior Pituitary Hormones LH FSH Progesterone Ovarian Hormones Estradiol Ovulation Follicle Corpus Luteum Ovary Uterine Endo- metrium 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 2

49 Anterior Pituitary Hormones
Luteal Phase 14 days Anterior Pituitary Hormones LH FSH Progesterone Ovarian Hormones Estradiol Ovulation Follicle Corpus Luteum Ovary Uterine Endo- metrium 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 2

50 Variation in Menstrual Cycle Length
25-day cycle Menses Foll. Phase Luteal Phase 5 days 6 days 14 days 28-day cycle Menses Luteal Phase Foll. Phase 5 days 9 days 14 days 35-day cycle Menses Foll. Phase Luteal Phase 5 days 16 days 14 days Ovulation Breast Tenderness

51 Menstural Cycle Length
AGE Length year olds days 30 year olds days 35 year olds days Variation More in teenagers Less in women in peak reproductive years

52 Lactating (for 24 months)
Influence of Lactation on Postpartum Menstrual Cycles (US and UK, 1987) Not Lactating 50% cycling by 8 months 90% cycling by 12 months Lactating (for 24 months) 30% cycling by 12 months 70% cycling by 24 months

53 Concept Tutor

54 Rest are extra slides not used in 2012

55

56 CL Ovulation CA 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 -7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 -7 Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge Diestrus Proestrus Estrus Metestrus Diestrus

57 CL Ovulation CA Estradiol FSH LH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 -7 Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge Diestrus Proestrus Estrus Metestrus Diestrus

58 CL Ovulation CA Progesterone PGF 2 a Estradiol FSH LH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 -7 Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge Diestrus Proestrus Estrus Metestrus Diestrus

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