1. Which of these do you agree with?
Physical properties are sufficient for the bringing about of all physical events
e.g. the sulphurous properties of the match-head, the properties of the match box surface and the oxygen surrounding are sufficient for the match's lighting. If all of these properties are sufficient for the match's lighting, then nothing else is causally relevant to the match's lighting
Some things, while having a physical basis, can't simply be reduced to physical states, or described purely in the language of physics
e.g. some things exist that have features which cannot simply be explained through their physical make up
Some things, can't simply be reduced to physical states at all and have to exist beyond the physical world
e.g. Some elements of the world and existence cannot be reduced at all - they are simply not physical and exist beyond the physical world

2. Property Dualism and Epiphenomenalism
LO1: To understand these two others type of Dualism
LO2: To see if there is any evidence for these theories
LO3:To understand why these theories came about

3. David Chalmers – the hard problem of consciousness
Chalmers said there are some elements of the mind that are soft problems of consciousness
These are ones where we have, or will, easily explain aspects of consciousness through science and physics

4. David Chalmers – the hard problem of consciousness
However, he also describes the ‘Hard Problem of consciousness’
This is that there are some elements of consciousness which cannot be explained through the physical world alone

5. Which are ‘hard’ problems?
How is it that some organisms are subjects of experience
How is it that some organisms are subjects of experience
the ability of a system to access its own internal states
the ability of a system to access its own internal states
the focus of attention
the focus of attention
Why does awareness of sensory information exist at all
Why does awareness of sensory information exist at all
the difference between wakefulness and sleep
the difference between wakefulness and sleep
the integration of information by a cognitive system
the integration of information by a cognitive system
Why is there a subjective component to experience
Why is there a subjective component to experience
the ability to discriminate, categorize, and react to environmental stimuli
the ability to discriminate, categorize, and react to environmental stimuli
the deliberate control of behaviour
the deliberate control of behaviour
Why do qualia exist
Why do qualia exist
Why aren't we philosophical zombies
Why aren't we philosophical zombies
the reportability of mental states
the reportability of mental states

6. Substance Dualism Here is a picture representing SD, copy it;
Now, write down the properties of each

7. Property Dualism
Property Dualism says there are no two substances – the mind does not exist elsewhere, causing the prob of interaction
At the same time, it is not completely physical and so avoids issues associated with this view
Instead, mental states and the mind are made up of mental properties that derive from the physical substance

8. David Chalmers Property Dualist
Describes the ‘Hard Problem of consciousness’ which means he is not a physicalist
However he does not speculate that there are other substances – this is a leap that goes too far

9. Name the properties
So where are these properties?

10. Property Dualism Physical Substance Physical Property Mental Property
?????
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11. Map the process...
Draw a flow chart from a property dualist point of view showing how someone goes from being kicked to kicking someone back
Make sure you include all the following elements;
Leg kicks
Anger
Get kicked
Pain
Neurones firing

12. Problem with Property Dualism
A problem can be seen to be caused by the physical substance creating both physical and mental properties?
The mental properties have no causal relationship with our actions

13. Stimulus (stubbing toe)
Epiphenomenalism
This is a form of dualism where the mind is not physical, and cannot cause anything in the physical world
Feel Pain
Feel annoyed
Stimulus (stubbing toe)
Neurone 1 fires
Neurone 2 fires
Swear

14. Problem of Property Dualism
The mental properties have no causal relationship with our actions
Physical substances create mental properties but those have no influence on our actions
This is called the Exclusion problem; as mental states are excluded from causality and this leads to...

15. Problem with Epiphenomenalism
Why should we worry about epiphenomenalism?
According to some philosophers if epiphenomenalism were true then it would be wrong to say that, for instance, we speak or act at all
Jerry Fodor says (dramatically), if it were true that the mental had no causal powers, then ‘practically everything I believe about anything is false and it’s the end of the world.’

16. Substance Dualism/ Epiphenomenalism Evaluation
Advantages over others
Disadvantages

17. Action before Thought Have a read through the article
Note down the points relating to how we act on impulse, not because of our conscious thought
How does this support/criticise Substance Dualism, Property Dualism and Epiphenomenalism?

18. The Mind’s Best Trick Have a read through the article
Note down any evidence that supports and criticises the dualistic view of the mind

19. Summary of Property Dualism
Property dualism is a compromise position between substance dualism and materialism.
Like materialism, it holds that there is only one type of substance: physical. Property dualism denies the existence of immaterial minds that somehow interact with the physical world, animating unconscious bodies.
Where property dualism parts with materialism is that it does not attempt to reduce mental states to physical states. Mental states, according to the property dualist, are irreducible; there is no purely physical analysis of mind.
Property dualism thus holds that although there is only one type of substance (physical) there are two types of property - physical and non-physical. Our bodies have physical properties such as weight and height, and mental properties such as beliefs and desires.
This position is intended to combine the plausible aspects of both dualism and materialism, while avoiding the problems of each.