1. Transcription, Translation

2. DNA + RNA polymerase + RNA nucleotides + ATP = m-RNA
Each messenger RNA (m-RNA) is a “cytoplasmic messenger” of a gene
The m-RNA attaches to a ribosome (“the construction sites” for proteins)

3. How do we get the instructions which is in the nucleus to the construction site which is the ribosome?

4. Chromosome 11 has the genes for insulin, hemoglobin

5. Making of RNA for transcription
Transcription: Transcription involves the assembly of a strand of RNA that is complementary to part of one of the DNA strands. The DNA double helix is relaxed during transcription.

6. Translation of the Genetic Code & Protein Synthesis
A. the nucleotide sequence of the m-RNA (corresponding to the nucleotide sequence of the DNA) specifies the sequence of amino acids in the protein
B. transfer RNA (“t-RNA”) act like “trucks” to transport the different types of amino acids to the ribosome construction site

7. C. the amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds forming a polypeptide chain
D. the polypeptide chain coils-up into a portion

8. A ribosome is made up of a type of RNA which is called ribosomal RNA
A ribosome looks like a clam shell

9. Every three nucleotides is a codon or a triplet

14. The codons of mRNA and the amino acids they specify
AUG = methionine and/or start

17. How many types of amino acids are there?
Each “truck” or transfer RNA can only carry one type of amino acid so there are as many transfer RNA’s as there are amino acids

18. DNA
RNA
transcription
translation
Amino acid
Protein
Codon/ anticodon

20. How are proteins made according to the code in DNA?
Guiding question:
How are proteins made according to the code in DNA?
Guiding question: How are proteins made according to the code in DNA? It is used to anchor the lesson for teachers to guide students understanding of the transcription and translation processes.
The figure shows a DNA molecule on the left and a protein molecule on the right as a visual for students to make a connection.
Image source: and

21. cell chromosome nucleus DNA gene
This slide serves as a review of the location, and structure of DNA and genes.
Emphasize how chromosomes are a condensed version of DNA.
Note: The teacher can delete or modify the location of the slide.
Image source:
DNA
gene

22. Transcription
Transcription: is the process in which DNA is unzipped in a particular gene to create a copy (mRNA) that will code for a specific protein needed by the cell/ living organism.
The nucleotide bases from DNA are copied to mRNA according to the base paring rules (C pairs with G, A pairs with T in DNA and U in mRNA). The copy gets made by the RNA polymerase adding the corresponding bases. Once completed, the newly formed mRNA is sent to the ribosome complex in the cytoplasm through the nucleopores.
Emphasize to students the advantages of mRNA (codes a single protein and it’s smaller and can easily leave the nucleus)
Image source:

23. Transcription in a nutshell
Occurs inside the nucleus
Specific gene is copied into mRNA
One mRNA codes a single protein
End result is the code for a single protein
Transcription in a nutshell: the teacher will go over the key events of transcription.
Occurs inside the nucleus
Specific gene is copied into mRNA
One mRNA codes a single protein
End result is the code for a single protein
Image source:
RNA base paring rules
A pairs with U
C pairs with G

24. Translation
Translation: is the process of changing the mRNA code coming from the DNA into amino acids that will form the protein needed by the cell/ living organism. Occurs in the cytoplasm, when mRNA bind with a ribosome forming a complex easily compared to a factory with a production line in which different tRNA brings an amino acid by matching the mRNA according to the base paring rules for RNA.
mRNA and tRNA function in triplets called codon and anticodon respectively and as shown in the diagram they work like a key and lock system.
In protein production there are also codons that will indicate to the ribosome when to start and when to end. Once the chain of up to several hundreds of amino acids is completed, the process stops and the protein gets sent to the endoplasmic reticulum to be packed and released. The order of amino acids determines the shape and function of the newly formed protein.
Scientists have identified around 20 amino acids that are essential to proteins and based of paring rules have created a table called the mRNA codon chart that shows what amino acids corresponds to the mRNA codon been coded.
Image source:

25. Codon
Codon:
The teacher can use this image to show different view of the codon and clarify students misunderstanding.
Image source:

26. mRNA codon chart Alanine : Ala Arganine: Arg Asparagine: Asn
Alanine : Ala
Arganine: Arg
Asparagine: Asn
Aspartic acid: Asp
Cysteine: Cys
Glutamic acid: Glu
Glutamine: Gln
Glycine: Gly
Histidine: Hist
Isoleucine: Ile
Leucine: Leu
Lysine:Lys
Methionine: Met
Phenylalanine:Phe
Proline:Pro
Serine: Ser
Threonine: Thr
Tryptophan: Trp
Tyrosine:Tyr
Valine:Val
START: Met
Codon chart: Scientists have identified around 20 amino acids that are essential to proteins and based of paring rules have created a table called the mRNA codon chart that shows which amino acids corresponds to the mRNA codon been used.
Guide students on how to use the codon chart by looking at the first, second and third base.
Image source:

27. Translation in a nutshell
Occurs in the cytoplasm
Requires a ribosome
Ribosomal complex: ribosome + mRNA+ tRNA
mRNA contains code for specific tRNA
Different tRNA’s bring different
amino acids to the ribosome
End result is a protein
Translation in a nutshell: the teacher will go over the key events of translation.
Occurs in the cytoplasm
Requires a ribosome
Ribosomal complex: ribosome + mRNA+ tRNA
mRNA contains code for specific tRNA
Different tRNA’s bring different
amino acids to the ribosome
End result is a protein
RNA base paring rules
A pairs with U
C pairs with G

28. The teacher can use this slide to give students another view of transcription and translation and review the process all together.
Image source:

29. NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM (ribosome)
The teacher can use this slide to give students a summarized view of transcription and translation.
Image source:

30. How do you go from DNA to the color of your eyes?
The teacher will refer back to the engage question: How do you go from DNA to the color of your eyes?
And guide students on the development of eye color.

31. That controls levels of melanin
3 genes
code for eye color
Transcription and
translation
Enzyme (protein)
That controls levels of melanin
There are 3 genes that code for the color of the eyes. By transcription and translation a protein is made. That protein is the enzyme tyrosinase which catalyzes the amino acid tyrosine and controls the amount of melanin in the cells (melanocytes) of the iris. The higher content of melanin the darker the eye color is.
Emphasize that DNA has the code to make the enzyme that will control the level of melanin and ultimately the color of the eyes, because the enzyme is a protein.
Image source:

32. Summarizing I used to think … but now I know: Each one will answer:
I used to think the color of the eyes
came from…….. But now I know…….
Summarizing: formative assessment
The teacher will have students complete a I used to think … but now I know:
Each student will answer: I used to think the color of the eyes came from…….. But now I know…….
(read the question to students and give student think time and 1 min to complete)
share with shoulder partner and the class
(clarify and review any misconception the students may have)
Image source:

34. Where are proteins that are made by ribosomes stored?

35. Answer
Sacs of the Golgi complex

36. RBC = hemoglobin
WBC = antibodies
Pancreatic cells = insulin, glucagon

37. The DNA sequence determines the RNA sequence which determines the protein sequence

38. If there is a defect in the DNA sequence it would result to a defect of the RNA sequence resulting to a defect of the protein created

39. What are the three types of RNA?

40. In the nucleus:
DNA provides the template for its own replication and for the production of three kinds of RNA

41. mRNA – carries the genetic code for the translation of genetic information into proteins
rRNA – becomes a constituent of ribosomes
tRNA – links the amino acids that it carries to mRNA

42. In the ribosomes, mRNA provides the template upon which amino acids are assembled into proteins

43. Transcription – making a copy of a gene
Each codon specifies a specific amino acid

44. Catabolism of Proteins
Proteins Amino Acids Ketoacids
NH urea (excreted in urine)

45. Synthesis of Nucleic Acids
A. DNA Replication – before cell division (mitosis)
B. Transcription (RNA) – before a cell can synthesize a protein
Question: What is in our food?

46. Catabolism of “Old Nucleic Acids”
Nucleic Acids Nucleotides uric acid
Uric acid (excreted in urine)
Question: What is gout?
Cata – means to break down like the word catastrophic

47. 2 major products that we produced are urea and uric acid
Breaking down of amino acids = urea
Breaking down of nucleotides = becomes nucleotides = then becomes uric acid

48. Uric acid – carried in our bloodstream then excreted to urine

49. Blood Chemistry – urea nitrogen, creatinine, uric acid
These are the three major waste products
Urea nitrogen and uric acid – formed from the breakdown of protein

50. Creatinine – waste product from muscle tissue
- the normal values are different for men and women

51. Everything that we eat comes from living organisms so we are eating cells

52. Synthesis of Nucleic Acids
A. DNA Replication – in order for cells to divide
B. Transcription – makes RNA in order to make proteins

53. 3 types of arthritis 1. osteoarthritis – trauma – repeated injuries
2. rheumatoid arthritis – auto-immune disease – more common in women
3. gouty arthritis – gout – a metabolic disorder
* metabolic – a biochemical disorder

54. Eating skeletal muscle can exacerbate gouty arthritis.
Why?
What is skeletal muscle made of?

55. Athletes are prone to osteoarthritis
There are different medications for the different types of arthritis

56. Gout = hyperuricemia
Hyperuricemia – high levels of uric acid in the blood
These high levels of uric acid accumulates in the large toe
*crystallized uric acid

57. If somebody has gout they must not eat lots of red meat.
Why?