1. 2. Phonological processes, phonological rules and distinctive features
A  B / X_Y

2. 2.1 Assimilation

3. Nasalization, dentalization, and velarization are all instances of assimilation, a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound.
If a following sound is influencing a preceding sound, we call it regressive assimilation.
The converse process, in which a preceding sound is influencing a following sound, is known as progressive assimilation.

4. English Fricative Devoicing

5. /v/  [f] /z/  [s] etc. Nasalization rule: Dentalization rule:
voiced fricative  voiceless / ____ voiceless
Nasalization rule:
[-nasal]  [+nasal] / ____ [+nasal]
Dentalization rule:
[-dental]  [dental] / ____ [dental]
Velarization rule:
[-velar]  [+velar] / ____ [+velar]

6. 2.2 Epenthesis, rule ordering and the Elsewhere Condition
a hotel, a boy, a use, a wagon, a big man, a yellow rug, a white house
an apple, an honor, an orange curtain, an old lady
Epenthesis (Insertion) Rule:

7. Plurals in English

10. a. The [] appears after voiceless sounds.
b. The [] appears after voiced sounds.
c. The [] appears after sibilants.
//  [] / [–voice, C] _____ (Devoicing)
  [] / [+sibilant] _____ [] (Epenthesis)

11. Rule ordering

12. The Elsewhere Condition
The more specific rule applies first.