1. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

2. Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
An approach to controlling pest populations using all suitable methods - chemical and ecological.
The goal is to brings about long-term management of pest populations that also have minimal environmental impact

3. The Early Years of Chemical Pest Control
First-generation pesticides (inorganic)
First attempt at chemical technology
Included heavy metals such as arsenic, copper and lead.
Toxic to humans and agricultural plants.
Pests developed resistance.

4. Pesticide “Improvements”
Second-generation pesticides
Organic chemical (organochlorines).
Used after WWII (presently in developing countries)
Synthesis begins with petroleum (“oil”)
Mechanism of actions often unknown.
Bioaccumulation & Biomagnification.
Toxic to animals (humans) and agricultural plants.
Pests developed resistance.

5. Smarter Pesticides Third-generation Pesticides
Organophosphates and carbamates
Less persistent in environment (good deal)
Acutely potent nerve toxins
More lethal in low dose than organochlorines
Fourth-generation Pesticides
Endocrine disruptors (hormonal chaos)
Target a critical life cycle stage of insects.
Not direct killers per say.
Reduce reproduction (fertility) of population.

6. Chemical Technology Problems
Development of resistance by pests
Resurgences (pest comes back stronger)
Secondary pest outbreaks (different pest)
Adverse human health effects
Adverse environmental health effects

7. Resistance to Pesticides
Chemical pesticides lose effectiveness
Resistant pest populations produce next generations

8. History of Pesticide Resistance

9. How many exposures does it take to make your population resistant?
Expose a population to a pesticide several times with mating in between exposures and see how many exposures it takes for resistant bugs to become the majority.
Rules of the Game:
Toss your population (pennies) on the ground, and consider all with painted sides showing as exposed to pesticide
All exposed yellow (RR = susceptible) die so remove these pennies.
All exposed red (rr = resistant) survive and double; add a red penny for each exposed red penny.
For every three exposed blue (mild resistance) add one of each color. (Keep track of any remaining blues (<3) to ad to those on the next throw)
Keep track of the exposure count and repeat until most pennies are red.

10. Chemical Technology Problems
Resurgences: after “eliminating” a pest, its population rebounds in even higher numbers than previous levels. Why?
Secondary outbreaks: outbreaks of species’ populations that were not previously at pest levels. Why?
Think about mechanisms of environmental resistance on any one population.

11. Some Examples of Insect Food Chains

12. When Will It End?

13. Human Health Effects
Acute: high dose, short-term response, rapid onset (headache, nausea, vomiting, respiratory failure, death). Agricultural workers suffer acute poisoning during pesticide application.
Cronic: low-dose, long-term exposure, outcome takes many years before noticed (cancer, dermatitis, neurological disorder, birth defects, sterility, endocrine system disruption, immune system depression). Neighborhoods downwind of agricultural use; farm families; the innocent.

14. Environmental Effects
Bioconcentration:
Movement against a concentration gradient; typically fat soluble.
Biomagnification:
Movement through the food chain to higher trophic levels; typically persistant.
Bioaccumulation:
Combined effect of both; chemicals are typically fat soluble and persistant.

15. The DDT Case Study 1938; dichloro-diphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)
Extremely toxic to insects, but seemed nontoxic to humans and other mammals.
Cheap.
Broad-spectrum and persistent
Effective for disease prevention (typhus fever, malaria)
Expanded agricultural production
Paul Muller awarded Nobel prize in 1948

16. Bioaccumulation & Biomagnification

17. Natural Pest Control Cultural control Control by natural enemies
Genetic control
Natural chemical control

18. Insect Life Cycle

19. Cultural Control Get rid of the alternative host!

20. Control by Natural Enemies

21. Genetic Control
Plants or animals are bred to be resistant to the attack of pests.
Chemical barriers.
Physical barriers.
Introduction of genes into crops from other species: transgenic crops (Bt)
Sterile males are released into pest population.

22. Natural Chemical Control
Manipulation of pests’ hormones or pheromones to disrupt the life cycle.
Japanese beetle trap.

23. Economic Threshold of Pest Control

24. :-P
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