1. Change = things are different Continuity = things have stayed the same
Medicine Through Time Revision Booklet
Change = things are different Continuity = things have stayed the same
Institution:
The
Church
Government
Individuals
Education
Attitudes in society
Science and Technology
Communications

2. Industrial Revolution (c1700-1900) Modern Medicine (c1900-now)
Beliefs about the causes of disease
Medieval
(c )
Disease was a punishment from God
Alignment of the planets and the stars affected disease (astrology)
Theory of the Four Humours used to explain disease
Miasma (bad smells) caused disease
Change or Continuity?
Factor
Explain why this led to change or continuity
Renaissance
(c )
Ordinary people still believed in the Four Humours and miasma (bad smells) still believed to cause disease
More understanding of the human body by scientists (e.g. discovering the circulation of blood and investigating the anatomy)
Change or Continuity?
Factor
Explain why this led to change or continuity
Industrial Revolution (c )
Little to no belief in religious or astrological explanations of disease
Louis Pasteur published ‘Germ Theory’ that linked microbes (bacteria) to decay
Robert Koch started to identify specific microbes that caused specific diseases (e.g. cholera)
Change or Continuity?
Factor
Explain why this led to change or continuity
Modern Medicine (c1900-now)
Widespread support for Germ theory
Only causes of disease that could be proved scientifically were believed
Understanding of Genetics and DNA causing disease
Direct links made between lifestyle and a person’s health (e.g. diet and smoking)
Change or Continuity?
Factor
Explain why this led to change or continuity

3. Industrial Revolution (c1700-1900) Modern Medicine (c1900-now)
Approaches to Prevention of Disease
Medieval
(c )
Living a sin-free life was the best way to prevent disease
Having a healthy diet helped ‘balance the humours’ and prevent disease
Keeping clean and having good personal hygiene prevented disease through exposure to bad smells
Purifying the air
Change or Continuity?
Factor
Explain why this led to change or continuity
Renaissance
(c )
People still believed that living a sin-free life would prevent disease
Cleanliness was still important, but bathing became less fashionable
More steps were taken to remove bad smells from the air (e.g. removing sewage and picking up rubbish)
Change or Continuity?
Factor
Explain why this led to change or continuity
Industrial Revolution (c )
Vaccinations were developed to effectively prevent certain diseases (e.g. smallpox)
Government passed laws (Public Health Acts) to improve living conditions in Britain and prevent the spread of disease
Change or Continuity?
Factor
Explain why this led to change or continuity
Modern Medicine (c1900-now)
Mass vaccinations to prevent numerous diseases (e.g. measles and tetanus)
Government passed laws to prevent illness (e.g. Clean Air Acts and banning smoking in public places)
Government created advertising campaigns to promote healthier lifestyles
Change or Continuity?
Factor
Explain why this led to change or continuity

4. Industrial Revolution (c1700-1900) Modern Medicine (c1900-now)
Approaches to Treatment of Disease
Medieval
(c )
Confessing your sins and asking God for forgiveness would treat religious causes
To rebalance the humours methods of bleeding, purging and eating specific foods
Supernatural treatments included carrying amulets and saying spells
Surgeries performed by barbers
Change or Continuity?
Factor
Explain why this led to change or continuity
Renaissance
(c )
Still relied on remedies and cures from medieval times but some new herbal remedies were developed using ingredients from the ‘new world’
Growth of alchemy created new chemical cures (e.g. mercury)
Surgeons and apothecaries had to have licences to practice
Physicians trained at universities
Change or Continuity?
Factor
Explain why this led to change or continuity
Industrial Revolution (c )
Understanding of anaesthetics and anti-septic surgery improved surgical treatment
More complex surgeries were performed as a result
Better nursing thanks to the work of Florence Nightingale
Change or Continuity?
Factor
Explain why this led to change or continuity
Modern Medicine (c1900-now)
Development of ‘magic bullets’ (pills that targeted diseases directly)
Development of antibiotics to treat infection (e.g. penicillin)
Increased access to medical care through introduction of the NHS
Change or Continuity?
Factor
Explain why this led to change or continuity

5. Industrial Revolution (c1700-1900) Modern Medicine (c1900-now)
Caring for the Sick - Hospitals
Medieval
(c )
Did not treat the sick, mostly offered hospitality to travellers
Hospitals either ran by monks or nuns or funded by religious charities
Good places to rest and recover
Focus was on caring for the sick rather than curing diseases
Change or Continuity?
Factor
Explain why this led to change or continuity
Renaissance
(c )
No longer just places of rest
Patients went to hospitals with wounds and curable diseases (e.g. fevers and skin conditions)
Patients visited by physicians
Hospitals ran by monasteries had to close following reformation in 1533
Change or Continuity?
Factor
Explain why this led to change or continuity
Industrial Revolution (c )
Donations from wealthy people created new hospitals
Doctors visited patients regularly
Massive improvements made following work of Florence Nightingale –massively improved sanitation, created designated wards and even had operating theatres
Change or Continuity?
Factor
Explain why this led to change or continuity
Modern Medicine (c1900-now)
More even spread of hospitals in 1960s as a result of the NHS
Increasingly complex treatments and surgeries performed
Patients treated effectively for a wide-range of illnesses and diseases
High levels of cleanliness to prevent infection
Change or Continuity?
Factor
Explain why this led to change or continuity

6. Industrial Revolution (c1700-1900) Modern Medicine (c1900-now)
Case Studies
Medieval
(c )
Black Death 1348 – 49
Cause – many different beliefs (sent by God, miasma)
Treatment – asking for forgiveness, bleeding and purging
Government action – laws in place to stop people moving around, stopped cleaning the streets
Change or Continuity?
Factor
Explain why this led to change or continuity
Renaissance
(c )
Great Plague 1665
Cause – punishment from God, miasma, spread from person to person
Treatment –prayer, carrying herbs
Government action – public meetings banned, fires set on street corners, quarantined the sick houses
Change or Continuity?
Factor
Explain why this led to change or continuity
Industrial Revolution (c )
Cholera 1854
Cause – miasma, John Snow believed it was in contaminated water
Treatment – no effective treatment
Government action – new sewer system built in London, passed Public Health Act, listened to John Snow’s advice
Change or Continuity?
Factor
Explain why this led to change or continuity
Modern Medicine (c1900-now)
Lung Cancer
Causes – smoking, passive smoking, genetics
Treatment – transplants, radiotherapy, chemotherapy
Government Action – legislation to prevent smoking, increased tobacco tax, advertising campaigns
Change or Continuity?
Factor
Explain why this led to change or continuity