1. Conditions of the Working Class in England

2. Complete chart & reflection – 15 min
3 examples for each
Positive and negative results of the change
Lights-Pos=safer streets, Neg=longer working hours/factories open 24hrs a day
Social changes (anything with family/social classes)
Answer questions on the back
If it says Explain…then EXPLAIN

3. Urbanization Shift from rural to city life
Factory growth bring people looking for work to cities
Cities grow near energy sources (coal & water)
Cities double (or even triple) in size!

4. Conditions of the Working Class
Working Conditions
Factory System
14hr work days/6 days a week
Unsafe working conditions
Dangerous machinery
Little ventilation
Child Labor
Low wages
Harsh punishments
No laws to protect workers
Mind-numbing, repetitive work
Living Conditions
Overcrowded, dirty one room tenements
No running water
Lack of Sanitation
Pollution
No sewage system
Lack of education
Lower life expectancy in the slums

5. Factory Life

7. Child Labor Why do you think factories wanted to hire children?
Cheaper (pay them less than adults)
Small enough to crawl under machinery & to work in coal mines
Easy to bully/intimidate them– adults were bigger, so they were less afraid

8. A Children’s Home in London for kids who lost limbs working in the factories or mines

9. “Breaker Boys” – separate impurities in the coal, by hand for 12-14 hours a day.

10. What do you think is the meaning of this political cartoon
What do you think is the meaning of this political cartoon? What is it depicting?

11. What does this cartoon tell you about child labor in todays world?

12. What is the message of the picture?
What does the skeleton represent?
What does this tell you about living conditions in industrial cities?

13. Living Conditions

14. What are 3 threats to health?
“During the 1st decades of Victoria’s reign, baths were virtually unknown in the poorer districts and uncommon anywhere. Most households of all economic classes still used pots; bathrooms with flush toilets were rare. Sewers had flat bottoms, & because drains were made out of stone, seepage was considerable. If, as was often the case in cities, streets were unpaved and they might remain ankle deep in mud and human waste”

15. How can you tell that this city is an unhealthy place? 2 details

19. Industrial Society (social classes)
Industrial revolution brought new social classes
Factories brought wealth to a new, rich middles class
Wealthy merchants & factory Owners
Upper Middle Class
Government employees, doctors, lawyers, managers
Lower Middle Class
Factory overseers, and tool makers
Wealth did not trickle down to the lower classes
Lower Class workers remained in poverty while middle class got richer
Resentful mobs rioted

20. English Factory System
First adopted in England in the 1750s, as a method for manufacturing
Involved mass producing goods by machines usually run by water or steam
Featured low and unskilled workers running machines, or moving materials
Lowered costs of goods

21. Factory Reform Legislation
Between 1800 and 1850, Parliament passed a series of laws to regulate factory work.
Many of these laws focused on protecting children working in factories, and set limits on the amount of hours that children could work in factories.
The Factory Act of 1850, for example, limited the weekly hours that children could work to 60 and daily hours to 10.5.

22. Factory Reform Legislation
Throughout this period, several commissions investigated working conditions in factories.
Politicians, academics, doctors, and other public figures wrote books, pamphlets, speeches, and newspaper articles in support of or against regulating the country’s growing factory system.

23. Were Textile Factories Bad for the Health of English Workers?
Read the primary sources and answer the questions corresponding to each document.
Then, using the evidence, make a claim answering the question above!