1. Chapter 6 Groups and Organizations
Key Terms

2. Group Two or more individuals who interact with one another, share goals and norms and have a subjective awareness as “we”.
Dyad Group consisting of two people.

3. Triad Group consisting of three people.
Triadic segregation The tendency for triads to segregate into a coalition of the dyad against the isolate.

4. Group size effects Effects of group number on group behavior.  
Primary groups Groups consisting of intimate, face-to-face interaction and relatively long-lasting relationships.

5. Secondary groups Groups with large membership, less intimate, and less long lasting.
Expressive needs Intimacy, companionships and emotional support, provided by primary groups.

6. Instrumental needs Needs that are task oriented.
Instrumental needs Needs that are task oriented.
Reference groups Serve as a standard for evaluating values, attitudes, and behaviors.

7. Attribution theory Individuals generate a distorted perception of the motives and capabilities of other people's acts based on whether the person is an in-group or an out-group member.
Social network A set of links between individuals or between other social units. Networks based on race, class, and gender form with particular readiness, especially job networks.  

8. Groupthink The tendency for group members to reach a consensus opinion, even if that decision is downright stupid.  
Risky shift The tendency for groups to weigh risk differently than individuals.

9. Formal organization A large secondary group, highly organized to accomplish a complex task or tasks and to achieve goals in an efficient manner.
Normative organizations Voluntary organizations, such as clubs, political parties and advocacy organizations.

10. Coercive organizations Characterized by membership that is largely involuntary. (prisons, mental hospitals)
Total institution An organization cut off from the rest of society in which individuals who reside there are subject to strict social control. 

11. Utilitarian organizations Large organizations that are joined by individuals for specific purposes, such as monetary reward.
Bureaucracy A type of formal organization characterized by an authority hierarchy, a clear division of labor, explicit rules, and impersonality.

12. Voluntary organizations Include organizations such as the PTA, political parties, religious organizations, the NAACP, B’Nai Brith, LaRaza, and other organizations that are concerned with specific issues.
Total institution An organization cut off from the rest of society where individuals who reside there are subject to strict social control.