1. Lecture 2 Multirateralism
Is a policy of acting in consent with others to achieve certain ends- for example diplomacy, defense, disarmament, and economic development.

2. Lecture 2.1
The increased interdependence of states in economic, political and military matters coupled with rapid industrial, scientific and technological developments in the 20th Century has led to the growth of permanent multilateral diplomatic institutions (provide framework upon which states with common positions- geographical, political, socio-cultural and economic)

3. Lecture 2.3
The field of defense depict aspects of multilateralism particularly the concepts of collective security:
-         Axis powers in WW1
-         NATO &Warsaw Pact WW2
-         Five Power Defense Arrangement
-         ANZUS
-         SADC Defense Pact

4. Lecture 2.4
Institutions
There is no widely agreed definition of institutions in IR literature. According to Mershiemer 1994 Institution is a set of rules that stipulate the ways in which states should co-operate and compete with each other.

5. Lecture 2.5
They prescribe acceptable forms of state behavior and proscribe unacceptable kinds of behavior.
These rules are negotiated by states, they entail mutual acceptance of higher norms that are standards of behavior defined in terms of rights and obligations. 
These rules are typically formalized international agreements and are usually embroiled in organizations with their own personnel and budgets.

6. Lecture 2.6
NB institutions are not form of world government. States themselves must choose to obey the rules the created. 
Institutions cannot be understood simply through their formal rules, since actual practices often diverge from these rules. Institutional behavior is dynamic, and can better understand through regularized patterns of behavior that emerge form underlying structures, or set of rules.

7. Lecture 2.7
Institutions can also reproduce existing social and power inequalities only to fulfill certain requirements, thus perpetuating current social patterns of gender, race, ethnicity, domination underdevelopment, etc (G8,G77 , EU, NATO,AU…

8. Lecture 2.8
Development
 The concept of development has different meanings as different scholars have emphasized different dimensions
 Development is fundamentally a process of change that involves the whole society i.e. its economic, socio cultural, political and physical structure as well as the value systems and way of life of the people.

9. Lecture 2.9
The process can be likened to the turning of a wheel in which each segment pushes one ahead of it and is in turn pushed by one behind.
Therefore the variables of development are interdependent.

10. Lecture 2.10
Development can be viewed on one hand as a process of realizing certain goals or values such as improved health (UNICEF, WHO), housing, better nutrition (FAO), greater communication network, increased command over resources etc..
On one hand more developed and less developed countries can be studied comparatively and empirical differences between then can be used to illustrate the meaning of development.

11. Lecture 2.11
Such comparisons often focus on variations in per capita income, percentages of people living in rural areas, percentage of people in primary, secondary and tertiary sectors, the literacy rate, mortality and fertility rates.

12. Lecture 2.12
Apart from predominantly economic variables development can also be measured from sociological perspective, like the division of labour, social differentiation and realization of values.
There is also the political dimension to development and this can be realize through mobilization and participation.