1. Chapter one – public speaking, a long tradition
Chapter Overview:
Details the focus of
rhetoric and speech
in classical education
Discuss the
contributions to speech
today made by a
classical student-turned
Politician
Addresses the
Importance of speech
And rhetoric training in our
daily lives todays
Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition

2. Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition
Changes in Education
Two significant differences in education in the Classical Period and today
1. Classical period had little government involvement, today there is on several levels
2. The teaching of rhetoric was a fundamental component of the Classical Period, not today
Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition

3. Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition
The Sophists
In the Classical Period there were no lawyers
In the assembly or courtroom citizens spoke for themselves
Sophists taught speech and other topics
Gorgias understood the relationship between speaker and audience
Language inspired emotions
Style influenced persuasion
Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition

4. Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition
Sophists Cont.
Protagoras thought everything could be argued
Need to know both sides of an argument
Critics said this could make the worse case look better
Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition

5. Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition
Formal Greek Schools
Isocrates, unlike sophists he was a citizen of Athens
Rhetoric and speech were core subjects
Knowledge is limited
Good speakers needs to be well informed
Speakers should be morally sound
Kairos can be a constraint to speaking
Repetition and speaking in civic life were important and better than learning by a handbook
Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition

6. Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition
Plato’s Academy
Unfavorable view of sophists and Isocrates
A student of Socrates
Thought rhetoric was a “knack”
Education should focus on philosophy and the search for truth
Philosophy was inquiry, rhetoric was flattery
Did not approve of sophists
Rhetoric could be used properly by philosophers
Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition

7. Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition
Aristotle
Tutored Alexander the Great
School was the Lyceum
He was very pragamatic
Three ways of knowing
Techne – experiential knowledge
Episteme – universal knowledge
Intermediate knowledge – what is intuitively correct to the person
Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition

8. Aristotle Disagreed with Plato
Saw rhetoric as a creative process, not just persuasive
Four functions of rhetoric:
Uphold truth and justice
Teaching to an audience
Analyze both sides of an argument
Defend oneself
Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition

9. Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition
Aristotle Cont.
Did recognize a danger if rhetoric was used as some of the sophists taught
Three sources of persuasion and artistic proofs
Ethos
Logos
Pathos
Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition

10. Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition
Aristotle Cont.
Inartistic proofs are outside of the speaker
Evidence
Data
Documents
Three virtues of style
Clarity
Correctness
Propriety
Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition

11. Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition
Cicero
Had both court and Roman Senate experience
Rose to Consul in the Senate
A man of the people
Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition

12. Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition
Cicero Cont.
Cicero and the five canons
Invention
Arrangement
Style
Delivery
Memory
Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition

13. Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition
Quintilian
During the years of the Roman Republic rhetoric was seen as of value
During the Roman Empire rhetoric was still taught, but focused more on epideictive speech than political speech
Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition

14. Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition
Emperor Vespasian
Rhetoric and public speaking rose in importance
Vespasian gave grants to artists and teachers to promote education and civic engagement
Quintilian used his grant to assist in funding his school and promoting his writing
Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition

15. Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition
Quintilian
Said rhetoric was “the art of speaking well”
Five principle duties for any speakers
Defend truth
Protect the innocent
Prevent criminal behavior
Inspire the military
Inspire the public
Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition

16. Linear Model of Communication
Communication seen like injecting someone with a drug
Seven components
Sender
Encoding
Message
Channel
Noise
Receiver
Decodes
Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition

17. Transactional Model of Communication
Linear Model is inadequate
Transactional Model noted that we send and receive messages simultaneously
Feedback becomes an aspect of the model
Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition

18. Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition
Speech in Daily Lives
Civic engagement is knowing that one has responsibility to the community
Putnam says that citizen involvement has decreased since WWII
Speech is still seen as important to civic engagement
Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition

19. Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition
The Mediated World
Today, people are barraged with media messages
Many of today’s messages are meant to persuade
Training in speech and rhetoric are important due to the numerous messages that people receive daily
Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition