1. The Evolution of American Education

2. European Settlers
Plymouth (1620)
Jamestown (1607)

3. Jamestown (1607) Settlers were “gentleman” and fortune seekers
Came to find riches -
gold, spices, furs
Didn’t know farming, land was owned by the company

4. Plymouth (1620) Pilgrims came seeking religious freedom
Some knowledge of farming
No plows during the first 12 years

5. Education in Colonial America
Apprenticeships
Dame Schools
Latin Grammar Schools
Higher Education

6. Apprenticeships 1642 - Massachusetts Bay Colony law
If children were not being educated properly, the town leaders would apprentice the child
Virginia passed similar law

7. Old Deluder Satan Act 1647 - Massachusetts
Towns with 50 families had to have a teacher to teach reading and writing

8. Old Deluder Satan Act
Towns with 100 families had to establish a grammar school (college prep)

9. Latin Grammar Schools For the elite
Teachers were ministers or transients
Curriculum
Latin, Greek
Rote memorization
Strict discipline

10. What is it?

11. What is it?
A whipping post. These were outside the school house and students were tied to it to receive whippings.

12. Dame Schools
Reading and writing was often taught in dame schools, especially for females. Dame schools were often conducted in kitchens. Students learned only the rudiments while the homemaker worked.

13. Dame Schools
Women were expected to stick to their knitting and not meddle in “such things as are proper for men, whose minds are stronger.”

14. Higher Education
Colleges were established to train ministers and government leaders
Some proficiency in Latin and Greek was needed for admission
Curriculum emphasized classics and the liberal arts
No sciences or practical subjects were taught

15. Our European Heritage Seven Liberal Arts Trivium Grammar Rhetoric
Dialectic

16. More Liberal Arts
Quadrivium
Arithmetic
Geometry
Astronomy
Music

17. Higher Education . . . Harvard - 1638 William and Mary - 1693
Yale
Princeton (Presbyterian)
Columbia (Episcopal)

18. Higher Education. . . Brown - 1764 (Baptist)
Rutgers (Dutch Reformed)
Dartmouth (Congregationalists)

19. Elementary Schools
District School - one elementary school in a school district, New England origin, term is now obsolete
Common School - a school, elementary or secondary, that was available to all students

20. Elementary Schools….
Public School - An early term to differentiate between schools, P.S. 84
Primary School - really refers to schools with grades 1, 2 and 3

21. Elementary Schools...
Grammar School - A shortened form of Latin Grammar School, curriculum is limited
Elementary School - What we have today

22. Advanced Schooling
Lyceum
Private Venture Schools
Academy
High Schools

23. Lyceum
Generally, an adult education association operated at the community level
Had meetings, offered regular courses by lectures, procured books, apparatus and collections

24. Lyceum Agriculture was often emphasized in the early 1800s
By the mid 1800s thousands of Lyceums were in operation in the United States
There was even a lyceum association

25. Private Venture Schools
Practical matters were taught by individuals in their own house
Subjects included surveying, navigation, accounting, mathematics, etc.
Similar to the dance, karate, computer, etc. schools of today.

26. The Academy
Ben Franklin’s idea

27. Franklin’s Academy Two Divisions English School Classical School
Latin master had a title, English master none

28. Franklin’s Academy Latin master paid twice as much
English master had twice as many students

29. Academies Private Primarily Classical Basically College Preparatory
Evolved out of the Latin Grammar School

30. Academies
Sometimes went by other names
Institutes
Seminary

31. High School Originally was terminal First High School - Boston - 1821
Boys only, 12 years or older

32. High Schools Entrance examination required
English, mathematics, science, history

33. High Schools, cont. Massachusetts Law of 1827
Towns with 500+ families established high schools
United States History, bookkeeping, algebra, geometry, surveying

34. Massachusetts
Towns with inhabitants also had to teach Latin, Greek, history, rhetoric & logic

35. Early Agricultural Schools
Gardiner Lyceum (Maine)
Agricultural Seminary (Conn.)
These schools were boarding schools - didn’t survive long

36. Early Ag Schools Boston Asylum and Farm School - 1832
“the establishment of a farm school in the country, where idle and morally exposed children of the city can be rescued from vice and danger”

37. Growth of Schools

38. High School Attendance

39. The Awakening
At the dawning of the 20th Century the public was disenchanted with public education
curriculum was still primarily classical
no relevancy to an agrarian society
no practical application
lecture and rote memorization were extensively used

40. Early Schools

41. The Media
Education is “as it was 60 years ago in our boyhood, so it is today in 99 out of 100 schools. Not a grain of progress that will help the country boy to a better understanding of the problem of agriculture.” - Hoard’s Dairyman, 1895

42. The Media
We need to abandon “the cut-and-dried formula of a period when a man was ‘educated’ only when he knew Greek and Latin” - Wallace’s Farmer, 1908

44. The Awakening...
In 1910 only 8.8% of all 17 year olds were high school graduates
USDA, agricultural societies, farm publications and others demanded change in the educational system

45. The Awakening
Many states started teaching agriculture and home economics in the public schools in the early 1900s
A state ruling in North Carolina in 1903 required agriculture to be taught in elementary schools

46. From 1910-1917 the teaching of agriculture in schools was started in many states

47. The Awakening
The NC Legislature passed the Farm Life School Act in 1911
Boarding schools were established where agriculture and home economics was taught

48. Farm Life School Curriculum
Agricultural subjects were substituted for Latin
All other traditional subjects were taught (literature, etc)
School had to have a farm and adequate facilities

49. Cary Farm Life School
Students at Cary lived in this dormitory

50. Cary Farm Life School
This student from Edgecombe County was a boarder.

51. Cary Farm Life School First year: general principles of agriculture
farm carpentry
use of tools
construction of things needed on the farm

52. First Year

53. Second Year Field crops Fruit growing
different soils, fertilizers, cultivation
seed selection & testing
Fruit growing
orchard location
setting trees, budding, grafting
pruning & marketing

54. Second Year Vegetable gardening construct hotbeds
each student has a garden plot on farm
becomes familiar with the vegetables that should be grown on the farm

55. Second Year

56. Third Year Livestock different breeds & characteristics feeding
livestock judging
breeding
dairying
poultry raising

57. Third Year

58. Fourth Year Soils Farm Management Rural Economics types
laying of terraces, drainage methods
Farm Management
apply business methods to farming
Rural Economics
marketing problems

59. Cary Farm Life School
Agricultural subjects on the Report Card

60. Cary Farm Life School
The Poultry Co-Op was operated out of the Cary Farm Life School.

61. A New Era in Agriculture
The passage of the Smith-Hughes Act in 1917 provided federal funds to support the teaching of agriculture across the nation.