1. Sparta

2. Location Southern part of Greece, in Peloponnesus
Landlocked- cut off from rest of Greece
As a result, developed differently than rest of Greece
Created a military state

3. Why did Sparta become a military state?
Sparta conquered the Messeniansforced them to become helots
Helots: peasants forced to stay on the land they worked
Messenians disliked harsh Spartan rulerevolted
Messenians almost defeated the Spartans Spartans determined to be a strong military state

4. *voted on major issues/laws
Government
Spartan Government:
Assembly:
*all citizens
*voted on major issues/laws
Council of Elders:
*30 older citizens
*proposed laws
5 Elected Officials:
*Enforced laws
2 Kings:
*ruled military

5. Society Included three groups:
1st: Citizens- original inhabitants of the area
2nd: free, noncitizens; worked in trade or industry
3rd: helots; worked in the fields or as house servants; little better than slaves

6. Values
Valued duty, strength and discipline instead of beauty, individuality and learning
Did not focus on art, literature or individual expression
Had most powerful army in Greece from B.C.E.

7. Men and women Served in the army until age 60
Lived in army barracks from age 7
Military training and survival
Ran household
Received some military training
Had considerable freedom, even compared to democratic Athens

8. Persian wars Greeks vs. Persians

9. Causes of the Persian wars
546 B.C.E.: Persians conquered Ionia
Greeks revolt in Ionia
Athens sent ships and soldiers to Ionia to help
Persians crushed Greek revolt; vowed to destroy Athens

11. Military technology and tactics
Shift from bronze to iron weaponsmade it possible for ordinary citizens to arm themselves
Hoplites: foot soldiers who stood side by side, with a spear in one hand and a shield in the other
This formation was called a phalanx

12. Phalanx

13. Battle of Marathon
490 B.C. 25,000 Persians against 10,000 Athenians on plains of Marathon
Better soldiers, the Greeks defeated the Persians
Pheidippides runs to warn Athens
Origin of modern
marathon!

14. Battle of Thermopylae
Xerxes, in 480 B.C. Persians arrive by land & sea
Greeks head them off at narrow mountain pass, 300 Spartans hold them at bay

16. Battle of Salamis
Themistocles, decides it is best to evacuate the city of Athens
Engage Persia at sea
Persian fleet is destroyed in narrow channel a few miles southwest of Athens

18. Results of Persian Wars
Greece feels huge sense of confidence!
Delian League was created to unite the
200 city-states of Greece…
Athens becomes leader
Athens grows in strength and creates a
small empire
Athens enters a Golden Age of political and
cultural growth