1. CHAPTER 2: THE MOLECULES of LIFE The Study of Interactions between Atoms and Molecules
Atoms are composed of:
_______: negatively charged particles
_______: positively charged particles
_______: uncharged particles
Move around
the nucleus
In the nucleus

2. ______________________
Table 2.1

3. CHEMICAL REACTIONS The forces holding atoms in a compound are ___________.
Chemical reactions - the making or breaking of _______ between atoms.
A change in chemical energy occurs during a chemical reaction.
_____gonic reactions: _____ energy.
Exergonic reactions: ________ energy.

4. _____________ REACTIONS
__________ - atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new, larger molecules
_________ - synthesis of molecules in a cell. A + B  AB
Atom, ion, or molecule A
Atom, ion, or molecule B
New molecule AB
Ex.: glucose + fructose → sucrose

5. ____________ REACTIONS
__________ - when a molecule is split into smaller molecules, ions, or atoms.
______ - the decomposition reactions in a cell.
Breaks down into AB  A + B
New molecule AB
Atom, ion, or molecule A
Atom, ion, or molecule B
Ex.: sucrose → glucose + fructose

6. Enzymes Biological _________
_________ - chemicals that increase the _____ of chemical reactions in organisms.

7. Different Types of COMPOUNDS
_____________
small, ionically bonded molecules that generally lack ______________
Important Inorganic Compounds:
Water
Acids
Bases
Salts
___________
large, covalently bonded molecules that always contain __________________
Small organic molecules (monomers) combine to form large macromolecules
Important Organic Compounds:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

8. Inorganic Compounds: ________
IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF __________:
________ molecule
Uneven distribution of charge
____________
Substance in which a solute can dissolve to form a solution
Temperature _________
________ changes in
temperature
Reactant
In decomposition reactions of digestion

9. Acids, Bases, and Salts - Inorganic
ACID - a substance that dissociates into one or more ____. HCl  H++Cl
BASE - a substance that dissociates into one or more ____. NaOH  Na+ + OH-
SALT - a substance that dissociates into cations and anions, _____ of which is H+ or OH. NaCl  Na+ + Cl
Figure 2.6

10. Organic Compounds: ____________
FUNCTION
Provide _________________
Provide structural support in plant cell walls
STRUCTURE
Molecules made of C, H + O in a 1:2:1 ratio
FORMULA : CH2O

11. Organic Compounds: CARBOHYDRATES
Types
_____SACCHARIDES
Simple sugars
_____ carbon atoms
Ex.: Glucose
____SACCHARIDES
Two simple sugars joined
together; Ex.: sucrose
________SACCHARIDES
Polymers made of 100s of monosaccharide subunits
Ex.: starch, glycogen, cellulose

12. Organic Compounds: __saccharides
Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides are joined in a _____________ or condensation reactions.
Disaccharides can be broken down into monosaccharides by ____________.
Figure 2.8

13. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: ____SACCHARIDES
________:
Made of branch chains of
glucose
Energy storage in plants
Food reservoirs in seeds
and bulbs
Branched glucose polymers
Storage form of energy in liver
___________:
Glucose polymer
Cell walls of plants

14. Organic Compounds: _______
Phospholipid –
complex lipid
PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS
Primary components of cell membranes.
Consist of C, H, and O.
_______ and insoluble
in water.
Subunits:
__________

15. ____________ Large molecule containing C, H, O and N (sometimes S)
FUNCTIONAL TYPES:
___________-essential in cell structure
Flagella are made of proteins
Some bacterial toxins are proteins
_____________ - move chemicals across membranes
_________ – proteins that speed chemical reactions

16. ______________ Consist of subunits called ___________.
Amino Group Carboxyll Group
Peptide bonds between amino acids are formed by _____________________.
Figure 2.14

17. Nucleic Acids ex. DNA, RNA, ATP
Building blocks of Nucleic Acids are _____________
_____________ consist of:
___________ (5 carbon sugar)
__________ group
Nitrogen-containing _____(purine or pyrimidine)
Figure 2.16

18. DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
Contains __________ribose (sugar)
Exists as a double _______
A hydrogen bonds with T
C hydrogen bonds with G
Figure 2.16

19. RNA Ribonucleic acid __________ (sugar) __________
A hydrogen bonds with U (U replaces T in RNA)
C hydrogen bonds with G
Figure 2.17

20. ___________ Provides _________________
SUBUNITS:
Ribose
Adenine
3 phosphate groups
Made by ___________ synthesis.
Broken down by hydrolysis to liberate useful energy for the cell. i
Figure 2.18