1. Subordination: Dependent Clauses

2. 1. Adverbial 2. Adjectival 3. Nominal
If a clause in a sentence is not independent, it is called a subordinate clause (dependent clause).
Mainly 3 roles of dependent clauses in a sentence:
1. Adverbial
2. Adjectival
3. Nominal

3. 1. Adverbial
Because a weasel is wild, it should be approached with great caution.
Yesterday the teacher called the students lazy when they complained about their assignments.
Some of the conjunctions used for adverbial clauses:
after before until while
since as so that in order that
because if unless whether
although even though where when

4. Adverbial Examples
When will the flowers bloom?: when spring arrives

5. How did he answer the question?: as if he knew the subject quite well

6. Why didn't the poor woman have money?: because she had lost her job

7. 2. Adjectival
Modifier of a noun (relative clause-who, whom, which, that, whose).
The man who lives upstairs bothers the neighbors.
HE bothers THEM
(S) (V) (O)
headword
adjectival
The man who lives upstairs bothers the neighbors.
HE bothers THEM
(S) (V) (O)
Don’t forget! An adjectival clause follows the headword of the noun phrase in the sentence.

8. The neighbors know the man who lives upstairs
They know him
(S) (V) (O)
headword
adjectival
The neighbors know the man who lives upstairs
They know him
(S) (V) (O)

9. Other Adjectival Examples
Which book did Joe read?: the one that I gave him

10. What kind of politician has the support of the people
What kind of politician has the support of the people?: the one who is trustworthy

11. Which season?: the one when everything blooms

12. Which house?: the one where I was born

13. More examples for adjectival clauses
An object that weighs five pounds on earth would weigh two pounds on the planet Mercury.
All the men who/whom citizens of the United States have elected as president have been native-born.
Mark Twain, whose real name was Samuel Clemens, grew up in Hannibal, Missouri.

14. Attention! We USE COMMAS when identification of the noun is not necessary.
E.g.
John F. Kennedy, who was assassinated in 1963, was the first Catholic president. (a familiar info)
The highest mountain in the world, Mount Everest, is located in Asia. (a fact)

15. If the clause answers the question ‘Which One
If the clause answers the question ‘Which One?’, then we DO NOT USE COMMAS.
E.g
The man who came by yesterday is my professor.
Which man?
Without the relative clause, we don’t know which man.

17. 3. Nominal Noun clauses Annie Dillard says that a weasel is wild.
something
Like a noun, a nominal clause names a person, place, thing, or idea. A nominal clause may function in a sentence as any of the following:
subject
Subject complement
Object of preposition
Direct object
Indirect object

18. Nominal clauses may begin with ‘that’ or interrogatives:
who whom what which
whoever whomever whatever when
where how why

19. Nominal Clause as Subject in a sentence

20. Nominal Clause as Subject Complement in a sentence

21. Nominal Clause as Object of Preposition in a sentence

22. Nominal Clause as Direct Object in a sentence

23. Nominal Clause as Indirect Object in a sentence

24. Nominal Clause beginning with That

25. Nominal Clause beginning with Whether

26. Nominal Clause beginning with If

27. Review of Coordinate and Subordinate

28. Coordination: two predicates are joined with ‘and’
Analyze following sentences: What is being coordinated? What kinds of subordinate clauses are used? How do coordination and subordination interact?
E.g. 1. The sociological perspective opens a window onto unfamiliar worlds and offers a fresh look at familiar worlds.
first predicate
The sociological perspective [opens a window onto unfamiliar worlds] and [offers a fresh look at familiar worlds].
second predicate
Coordination: two predicates are joined with ‘and’
Subordination: no subordination in this simple sentence

29. Subordination: no subordination in this simple sentence
2. Sociologists consider people's jobs, income, education, gender, age, and race.
direct objects
2. Sociologists consider [people's jobs], [income], [education], [gender], [age], and [race].
Coordination: the direct object is made up of a series of coordinated noun phrases joined with ‘and’
Subordination: no subordination in this simple sentence

30. 3. We often think and talk about people's behaviors.
verbs
Coordination: ‘and’ is used to combine two verbs... ‘think about people's behaviors and talk about people's behaviors...’ with ellipsis in the first verb to avoid repetition of ‘about people's behaviors’
Subordination: no subordination in this simple sentence

31. 4. Today instantaneous communications connect us with remote areas of the globe, and a vast economic system connects us not only with Canada and Mexico but also with Belgium, Taiwan, and Indonesia.
4. [Today instantaneous communications connect us with remote areas of the globe], and [a vast economic system connects us not only with (Canada and Mexico) but also with (Belgium, Taiwan, and Indonesia)].
Coordination: two independent clauses are combined with ‘and’ in this compound sentence
the 2nd independent clause uses ‘not only with’... ‘and’ ... ‘but also’... ‘and’. A series of countries is provided using two coordination devices.
Subordination: no subordination in this long, complicated compound sentence

32. 5. Political scientists are especially interested in how people attain ruling positions in their society, how they maintain those positions, and what the consequences of their activites are for those who are governed.
5. Political scientists are especially interested in [(how people attain ruling positions in their society)], [(how they maintain those positions)], and [what the consequences of their activites are for those who are governed)].
Coordination: ‘and’ is used to coordinate a series of three wh-clauses that are the objects of the preposition ‘in’
Subordination: subordination with a series of 3 noun clauses as the object of the preposition in this complex sentence
COORDINATION is used to make a set out of a series of 3 subordinate clauses.

33. 6. The chief concern of anthropologists is to understand culture.
Coordination: no coordination
Subordination: subordination is with the infinitive clause
7. Sociologists also study how people govern one another.
Subordination: subordination with a noun clause as the direct object of the verb