1. Integrated Water Resources Planning for optimal benefits to the society Panel Discussion-3
India Water Week 2017

2. Water Resources Management related issues
Monsoon-based climate : Temporal and Spatial variability
Huge population to support : Most of the basins already water stressed /scarce
Lack of SW storage infrastructure in Ganga and Brahmaputra basins : Floods and Droughts
Shortage of water (in per capita terms) in western and peninsular India
About 60% of country’s water resources flowing to the Sea, unutilised : Mostly in Ganga and Brahmaputra basins
Long Distance Water Transfer (Interlinking of Rivers) is yet to begin
Over-extraction of Groundwater in large parts of the country: e-flows diminishing
Low irrigation water use efficiency in SW irrigation
Gap in Irrigation Potential created and Irrigation potential utilised
Untreated sewage discharge in rivers
Water management in the domain of States: Absence of River Basin Organisations
National Water Framework Bill (drafted in 2013) not yet enacted

3. Spatial Variation of Rainfall in INDIAmm
Average
1,170
Max.
11,000
Mawsynram
Meghalaya
Min.
100
Western Rajasthan
Precipitation during June to September BCM (75%)

4. Temporal Variation of Rainfall
All India
75%
Even in monsoon season, the rainy days are limited. On an average there are about rainy days for 120 days (June-Sep) resulting in rains for just hours of rainfall.

5. Water Availability - INDIA
Total utilizable water resources
1121 BCM
Ground Water
431 BCM
Surface water
690 BCM
Current utilization
450 BCM ( 65% )
243 BCM (58%)
Total water availability
1869 BCM
Total Precipitation
4000 BCM

6. Sector wise Future Demand (BCM)
Probable Water Demand as Projected by NCIWRD (1999)
2025
2050
Irrigation
611
807
Domestic 62
111
Industry 67 81
Energy 33 70
Others
Total
843
1180

7. Per Capita Water Availability (National Average)
Water stress Line
1700 cu. m. per person per year
Water Scarcity Line
1000 cu. m. per person per year

8. Basinwise Per Capita Water Availability and Falkenmark Water Stress and Scarcity Indicators

9. Utilisable Surface Water Potential 690 BCM
Live storage scene in India
Utilisable Surface Water Potential 690 BCM
Storage needed for potential utilisation BCM
Storage in present projects 251 BCM
(Including ongoing projects and
anticipated loss in storage due to siltation)
Storage to be created ( ) 199 BCM
Such large storage need cannot be met only through underground storage or minor irrigation schemes.
There is need to reserve the ground water for drinking water security and shift irrigation from GW to SW.

10. Basin wise Water Availability and Live Storage (BCM)

11. Per Capita Water Availability versus Per Capita Live Storage created

12. Per capita Live Storage (m3)
Russia can sustain for about 4 years of consecutive droughts as its per capita availability is about 4 times water stress index of 1700 m3 per capita per year.
Australia can sustain for about 3 years of consecutive droughts .
India, however, due to lack of per capita storage (210 m3 per capita cannot sustain beyond 3-4 months after monsoon withdrawal.

13. Virtual Water Flows (India)5
-46 13 22 9
+34
Live Storage (BCM) -9 9 1 10 4 2 +4
Source: Inter-regional virtual water flows Kampman (2007)

14. State
Per capita Water Availability (SW+GW)
m3/capita/yr
Net Virtual Water Import BCM/yr
Haryana
1055
-14.1 UP
2059
-20.8
Punjab
2452
-20.9
Jharkhand
2498
+ 9.3
Bihar
6898
+15.3
Odisha
8710
+4.8
Source : Inter-regional virtual water flows - Kampman (2007)
Water-rich Eastern and North-eastern regions of India (in terms of per capita water availability) are ironically the virtual water importing regions.
Northern region, having much less per capita water availability as compared to Eastern region, is exporting huge quantity in terms of virtual water to Eastern region.
Northern region is not so good in terms of storage reservoirs either as compared to Western or Southern regions.
Ironically, the Northern region is exporting virtual water by mining groundwater from very deep aquifers. This is absolutely unsustainable.

15. River Basin Organisations for IWRM
Only a few River Basin Organisations exist in the country, that too with specific mandate, and not for full-fledged IWRM.
Narmada Control Authority
Tungbhadra Board
Bhakra-Beas Management Board
Damodar Valley Corporation
Brahmaputra Board
Godavari River Management Board
Krishna River Management Board
Ganga Flood Control Commission
-----etc

16. Need for Integrated Planning of Water Resources
This scenario calls for the Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) approach, as the problems are complicated, the use of remote sensing, and the new GIS based techniques, and simulation through modeling of the hydrologic and water use models, provides an opportunity for finding appropriate planning solutions after considering the technical, legal, social, possible changes in the policy, institutional mechanisms, and environmental issues.

17. Points to Ponder
River Basin Organisations for basin level water resources management
National Water Framework Law
Integrated Water Resources Management
Creation of Storage to tackle temporal variability
Interlinking of rivers to tackle spatial variability
Addressing Water Quality in rivers (hotspots)
Managing e-flows in hydrologically closed basins, as well as in other basins from where water flows out for lack of storage : We can allocate e-flows throughout the year, only if we have stored that
Reversing the trend of Groundwater depletion: More reliance on SW
Promoting use of drip and splinker irrigation systems, wherever possible

18. Thank You