1. Introduction to Feminism
Associate Professor
Dr. Peih-ying Lu

2. Definition
Feminism is a political discourse aimed at equal rights and legal protection for women. It concerned with issues that advocate equality for women, and that campaign for women’s rights and interests.
The explanation is mainly resourced from wikipedia.

3. Development
Feminists and scholars have divided the movement’s history into three “waves.” The first wave refers mainly to women’s suffrage movements of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (mainly concerned with women’s right to vote).

4. Development
The second wave refers to the ideas and actions associated with the women’s liberation movement beginning in the 1960s (which campaigned for legal and social equality for women).

5. Development
The third wave refers to a continuation of, and a reaction to the perceived failures of, second-wave feminism, beginning in the 1990s

6. First wave
First-wave feminism refers to an extended period of feminist activity during the nineteenth century and early twentieth century in the UK and the United States.
Example
Kate Chopin
The Story of an Hour

7. First wave
Originally it focused on the promotion of equal contract and property rights for women and the opposition to chattel marriage and ownership of married women (and their children) by their husbands.

8. First wave
However, by the end of the nineteenth century, activism focused primarily on gaining political power, particularly the right of women’s suffrage (the right of voting).

9. First wave
The first-wave feminists, in contrast to the second wave, focused very little on the subject of abortion. In general, they were against the concept.

10. Second wave
Written in 1949 , The French author and philosopher Simone de Beauvoir’s The Second Sex is regarded as the pioneer book that offers essential and theoretical thinking to second-wave feminism.

11. Second wave
As an existentialist, she accepted Jean-Paul Sartre’s precept that “existence precedes essence”; hence, Beauvoir argues that “one is not born a woman, but becomes one.”
A woman is not born a woman by nature. She is a socially-constructed being.

12. Second wave
Her analysis focuses on the social construction of Woman as the “Other,” which de Beauvoir identifies as fundamental to women’s oppression

13. Second wave
The central target of second wave feminism is to urge women to be socially and economically independent. Women should not be the “Other” for men anymore since men and women ought to be treated equivalently, and women also should be autonomous and active.

14. Third wave
Third-wave feminism began in the early 1990s. It seeks to challenge or avoid what it deems the second wave’s essentialist definitions of femininity, which (according to them) over-emphasize the experiences of upper middle-class white women.

15. The TV drama Sex and the City?

16. Can The Subaltern Speak (Spivak)
Can we hear from what women in some cultures say?

17. Third wave
The third wave has its origins in the mid-1980s. Feminist leaders rooted in the second wave like Cherrie Moraga, Maxine Hong Kingston, and many other black feminists, sought to negotiate a space within feminist thought for consideration of race-related subjectivities.
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