1. PSYC 206
Lifespan Development
Bilge Yagmurlu

2. Chapter Overview The Family Context Nonparental Child Care
Neighborhoods and Communities
Media Contexts

3. Contexts of Development
Nested, interacting ecosystems

4. Parenting
Behaviors
Ideas
Values
Goals
Styles

5. Parenting Styles Diana Baumrind’s three styles
Authoritarian
Authoritative
Permissive
Depending on 2 dimensions:
control
warmth

6. Authoritarian Parental behavior focus on obedience and control
use physical punishment
tend not to express warmth

7. Parenting
Behavioral control: Regulating the child’s conduct through firm but reasonable discipline and monitoring of his/her activities.
Psychological control: Attempts to influence behavior by psychological means as ignoring or discounting feelings, withholding affection or inducing shame or guilt.

8. Authoritative Parental behavior exert some control in a flexible style
control is not heavy-handed or domineering
express warmth
clarity of communication
use inductive reasoning

9. Authoritative Inductive reasoning Provides a rationale
Highlight consequences or may point out another’s emotional reactions

10. Permissive Parental behavior express warmth
fail to set standards, make demands or exert control
do not monitor closely

12. Parenting Styles
Another parenting style added later by Maccoby and Martin:
Neglecting/uninvolved parenting

13. Parenting Styles and Behaviors
Problem with parenting styles:
Captures a configuration of practices
What aspect of parenting affects which child outcomes?

14. Socialization Techniques
Empathy-inducing techniques are more powerful
E.g., Inductive reasoning that communicates desired behaviors strongly
Appeal to justice or perspective taking
Consequences for another

15. Other Methods Harsh punitive discipline
When the child displays a positive behavior, there is attribution to external motives
It is not the optimal context for empathy and learning
High intensity power-assertive tactics promote noncompliance in the long run, oppositional defiance and a lack of concern for others
Increases antisocial behaviors through modeling

16. Winning Formula
A blend of frequent inductions, occasional power assertion and a lot of affection

17. Culture and Parenting
Culture influences all processes that affect developmental outcomes. It does not simply affect parental values or behaviors, but it is at the core of them.
Parents hold different belief systems regarding the nature of children, development, parenting etc.

18. Culture
Contextualism
Individualism-Collectivism

19. Collectivism-Individualism
Defining oneself in terms of in-group membership
Valued child behaviors
Ideal parenting that ensures desirable outcomes
Personal needs and aims to achieve autonomy and assertiveness
Valued child behaviors
Ideal parenting that ensures desirable outcomes

20. Chinese Culture
Chao (1994): disagreed with the use of “authoritarian” term to describe parenting in China and said Baumrind’s styles may not transfer to China.
“Training”
Warmth is implicitly expressed in parents’ support of child achievement. Different from noncontingent and demonstrative expressions of affect of US parents.

21. Immigrant Families, Child’s Socioemotional Development, Parenting
Home culture
Societal culture
Cultural variations in parenting styles and values
Immigrant contexts are culturally pluralistic environments
Dual climate of socialization

22. Factors Impeding Development
Poverty
Adolescent parent(s)
Abuse

23. Poverty
Approximately 1 in 5 children
Effects
Subsequent difficulties

24. Adolescent Parents
US among the highest rate in the industrialized world
Children are
More aggressive
Less self-controlled
Less intellectually advanced

25. Teen Birth Rates in the U.S.

26. Abuse
What constitutes abuse?

27. Nonparental Child Care
By age 3, more than 90 percent of children in the US experience regular nonparental care.
Physical and intellectual effects
Social and emotional effects 27

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29. Media Contexts
Print Media
Television
Interactive Media 29

30. Print Media Includes Assistance with emotional control and development
Books, comics, magazines, newspapers
Assistance with emotional control and development
Children’s exposure relatively small 30

31. Television
Most common media form used 31

32. Television
Concerns:
Violence
Stereotyping 32

33. Interactive Media Developing cognitive skills Concerns
Divided attention
Spatial imagery and representation
Concerns 33

34. Contexts, Risks, and Resilience
Prevention science
Seeks to protect children from harm and promote their well-being by identifying risk factors as well as protective factors. 34

35. Contexts, Risks, and Resilience
Risk factors
Personal and environmental characteristics that increase the probability of negative outcomes.
Protective factors
Resilience 35

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