1. Analysis of the content, colourants, fats, nitrate and nitrite in advertised foods and biological fluids of Egyptian children
تحليل المضمون والمواد الملونة الصناعية والدهون والنيترات والنيتريت في الأغذية المعلنة وفي السوائل البيولوجية للأطفال المصريين
Aly R Abdel-Moemin

2. Aly R Abdel-Moemin

3. Food colourants
Aly R Abdel-Moemin

4. Presentation Outline Introduction Aim of the Study
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Aly R Abdel-Moemin

5. Abstract
Analysis of the content of the AF was done by watching the three Egyptian children’s channels (ECC) for 38 hours. Amaranth, Indigo Carmine, Tartrazine, nitrate and nitrite were analysed in all AF and in serum and urine of children.
Lipid profile was also estimated in children.
Total fats were only analysed in the advertised processed meats and in the restaurant dishes.
Aly R Abdel-Moemin

6. Abstract
The AF accounted for 46-54% of the total advertisements presented.
The advertised restaurant dishes were predominantly high in fats, (63%) restaurant dishes and (55%) processed meats.
Tartrazine was the only food colourant found in soft drinks and jelly powders μg/ml and μg/g, respectively.
The average levels of total nitrate and nitrite were higher than the acceptable daily intake of the Egyptian and WHO limits (125 mg/kg).
Aly R Abdel-Moemin

7. Abstract
Urinary Tartrazine and urinary total nitrate and nitrite were significantly higher in the viewers’ children for the ECC and at borderline for lipid profile compared to non-viewers’ children.
The most harmful effect of these ads is the cumulative effect of AF that undermines progress towards a healthy diet for children.
AF may expose children to non-communicable disease in the future.
Aly R Abdel-Moemin

8. Abstract
The local policy context requires action to set clear rules for children’s food advertising and monitor processed meat products to tackle exceeded levels of nitrate and nitrite.
This research shows a large number of AF (1,112) in the ECC for 38 hours with statistically significant increase of Tartrazine, nitrate and nitrite in AF (p˂0.0001) and in biological fluids (p˂0.05).
Aly R Abdel-Moemin

9. Aim of the Study
Analyse the content and some synthetic food colourants, total fats, nitrate and nitrite in both advertised foods (AF) and serum and urine samples of children (8 to 12 years).
Aly R Abdel-Moemin

10. Introduction
Advertising can play a prominent role in influencing children’s eating habits.
Studies suggest that children will make “healthy choices” but need the knowledge supporting these “healthy choices”
Most synthetic dyes contain azo functional groups and aromatic rings; they may have negative effects on health including allergic and asthmatic reactions, DNA damage and hyperactivity.
Aly R Abdel-Moemin

11. Introduction
Some synthetic dyes are even considered to be potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic to humans (EFSA, 2005).
EFSA, (2010) concludes that it is unlikely that oral consumption of food colours either individually or in combination, would trigger severe adverse reactions in human subjects at the current levels of use.
So our question what about in case of exceeding the limit of the current levels of use?
Tartrazine (E102) has been implicated as the food additive most often responsible for allergic reactions in children, having thus been targeted by the scientific community (Ward, 1997).
Aly R Abdel-Moemin

12. Introduction
Nitrite (E249-E250) has been used for preservation of meat products for decades and is still widely used for sausages and luncheon meats.
Nitrite provides an efficient inhibition of the growth of Clostridium botulinum, and gives cured meat unique colours, flavours and aromas.
Increased consumption of dietary nitrate and nitrite is associated with elevated levels of salivary nitrite (Badawi et al., 1998).
Diabetes often goes undiagnosed because many of it’s symptoms seem so harmless. Early detection and treatment can lower the incidence of complications.
Aly R Abdel-Moemin

13. Introduction
Children might be susceptible to the toxic effects of these compounds as they have low body weight, immature enzymatic system especially for xenobiotic metabolism and high gastric acidity that is a good environment for N-nitrosamine formation (Okafor and Nwogbo, 2005).
Aly R Abdel-Moemin

14. Materials and Methods Purchasing and sampling AF Chemicals
Content analysis of TV advertisements
Analysis of the AF
Preparation of samples for synthetic food colourants analysis
Chromatographic separations
Quality control of the method
Total fats
Aly R Abdel-Moemin

15. Materials and Methods Determination of nitrate and nitrite in the AF
Preparation of samples for nitrate and nitrite
Recruiting children
Anthropometric measurements
Collection of blood and urine specimens
Urinary synthetic food colourants analysis
NOx in serum and urine
Lipid profile
Statistical analysis
Aly R Abdel-Moemin

16. Materials and Methods
Standard deviation (SD) and CV were calculated using Excel for the HPLC results, total fats, nitrate, nitrite and biochemical determinations.
The results obtained for Tartrazine, nitrate, nitrite and total fats analysis of soft drinks, jelly powders, processed meats and restaurant dishes were statistically analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) (Genstat 6 package).
Aly R Abdel-Moemin

17. Materials and Methods
Due to the large differences in analyte concentrations obtained from the range of AF studied, a logarithmic transformation was applied to the data to obtain variance homogeneity.
The Vassar Stats online programme one-way ANOVA was used in biochemical analyses; Tukey’s pairwise test was used for comparisons of sample means at p˂0.05.
Aly R Abdel-Moemin

18. Results
Tartrazine, nitrate, and nitrite in advertised foods in the ECC
Aly R Abdel-Moemin

19. Results
Colourants, nitrate, nitrite and total fats of advertised foods in the three Egyptian children channels
Aly R Abdel-Moemin

20. Results
Colourants, fats, nitrate and nitrite in the advertised foods in the three Egyptian children channels
Aly R Abdel-Moemin

21. Results
Lipid profile, serum and urine nitric oxide and Tartrazine in the viewers and non-viewers children for ECC.
Aly R Abdel-Moemin

22. Results
HPLC Chromatograms of standard of Tartrazine E102(RT 4.12), Amaranth (RT 5.9) and Indigo Carmine E102(RT 7.6).
Aly R Abdel-Moemin

23. Results
UV/visible detector of the spectra collected by DAD of Tartrazine in cherry jelly, powder, with purity factor.
Aly R Abdel-Moemin

24. Results
HPLC Chromatogram of Tartrazine E102 in cherry flavour of jelly powder.
Aly R Abdel-Moemin

25. Conclusion
Synthetic food colourants, fats, nitrate and nitrite were determined in 26 AF and beverages in the three ECC.
Also these parameters were determined in serum and urine specimens of children.
Levels of nitric oxide, Tartrazine and total fat were significantly higher in the viewer children of those channels compared to control group.
The AF seem to promote foods mainly high in fats, synthetic food colourants, nitrate and nitrite that are precisely opposite of what is recommended for healthy eating for children.
Aly R Abdel-Moemin

26. Thank you
Aly R Abdel-Moemin