1. Three Generations of Particles are Necessary in our Universe
Vladimir Burdyuzha
Astro-Space Center, Lebedev Physical Inst.
Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
19 December, 2014, Fort Lauderdel, Florida

2. In memory of G.M. Vereshkov
Grigoriy Moiseevich Vereshkov
( )
Physical Department of Rostov/Don
State University (Russian Federation )

3. Our Universe

4. The Universe time formatting
t=0 is a moment of creation (a tunneling process from
oscillations to Friedmann);Phys. Rev.D.55 (1997)7340
t=10-43 sec - Planck time; r~10-33 cm; T ~ 1032 K
t~10-30 sec - inflation phase;
t~10-12 sec - reheating phase;
t~ 10-5 sec – baryogenesis, DM genesis;
t~200 sec - nucleosynthesis (d, α particles);

5. The Universe time formatting
t ~ 3x sec ρrad = ρmat ρrad ~ r -4; ρmat ~ r -3 ;
t ~ 1.2x1013 sec - epoch of recombination, z~1100;
t ~ 3x sec – production of DM LSS z ~ 30-20;
t ~ 5x sec – the end of dark age, z ~ 20;
t ~ sec - production of baryonic LSS, z~15-12;
t > sec – epoch of reionization, z ~ 10-6;
t ~ 3x sec _ the end of reionization epoch, z ~ 5;
t ~ 4x sec - modern epoch,13.76 x109 years, z=0

6. The Universe Composition (2014)
Last data: H0 = 69 (km/sec )/Mpc; Ωb ~ 5% ; ΩDM ~ 26% ; ΩDE ~ 69% (Planck Results)

7. DM particle may be an axion
Axion was postulated more than twenty years ago. Global symmetry UPQ(1) was included and axions as Nambu-Goldstone bosons associated with spontaneous breaking of CP symmetry.

8. An axion
Axion has S=0, Q=0, negative internal parity and m ~ 6 x 10-6 eV (1012/fa), fa (a decay constant) must be < 1012 GeV. It may be produced in QCD phase transition. An International axion observatory is under construction; arXiv: In a laboratory in magnetic field A0→2γ

9. Familons as particles of DM
Familons are a sort of axions (pGB).4 sort of these PG-bosons take place (axions, arions, familons and majorons). The small mass of PGB takes place because of a super weak interaction of Goldstone fields with vacuum condensates: mast ~ eV m lab < 10 eV A term “familon” is from the word “family”

10. If the next fundamental level is
DM consists from familons, existence of three generations of particles, existence of distinguished scales in U. Then a fractal distribution of baryon structures is natural phenomenon.

11. The preon composition of particles
Positron
Electron
Upper quark /3
Down quark □ □ /3
Upper antiquark □ /3
Down antiquark /3
Electronic neutrino
Electronic antineutrino □ □ □ W
W □ □ □

12. Z0 and γ
0 0 0 □ □ □ Z □ □ □ 0 γ preon + has electric charge +1/3 preon 0 has not electric charge preon - has electric charge - 1/3 antipreon □ has not electric charge

13. Composite particles
It is evident that all elementary particles consist of three preons while the interaction carriers (gauge bosons) of six preons, and at that the Z boson can consist of four combinations of preons. The same building blocks can form gluons

14. Sizes
10-13 cm What is the true size of the quarks and leptons we do not know, and if we learn that, it will be possible to directly judge about their internal structure. These are the tasks at the LHC, Fermilab.

15. Note composite particles can be seen in the radioactivity
A hint that quarks and leptons are
composite particles can be seen
in the radioactivity

16. Notes
2 and 3 generations of particles are excited states of the first generation. Particles of 2 and 3 generations are unstable, although they consist of combinations of the same preons and antipreons. All preons are fermions.

17. Preon composition of particles
uiLa = UαL φ a+iαa uiLa = (uiL, ciL, tiL) diLa = DαL φ a+iαa diLa = (diL, siL, biL) νiLl = UαL χαl νiLl = νLe , νLμ, νLτ liLl = DαL χαl liLl = (eL , μL , τL)

18. Preon composition of particles
The simplest boson-fermion preon model of left chiral quarks and leptons is considered. Here: UαL , DαL - chiral fermion preons; also scalar preons of quark and lepton type are. Inside quarks and leptons, the metagluonic fields Gω μν and the scalar preon fields are in the state of confinement.

19. Which are familons ?
Then, DM is a system of familon collective excitations of the preon vacuum. This system consists of three subsystems: familons of upper-quark type, familons of lower-quark type, and familons of lepton type.

20. Some notes different sizes!!! SU(2)L X SU(2)R → U(1)
During of evolution, this system has undergone three relativistic phase transitions which took place at different temperatures - different z!!!
different sizes!!!
SU(2)L X SU(2)R → U(1)

21. Preliminary results
Then, DM consisting of familons has a hot component from massless particles and a cold component from massive particles.
For structurization of DM 3 generations particles are necessary (hep-ph/ )
also J. Modern Phys. 5 (2014) 1963

22. Phase Transition (upper quarks)
Some PG modes:
m f(u)2 = - (1/24uf 2) <(αs/π)Gμνm Gμν n >[(mt - mc)2/mcmt] - the negative squared mass of the complex pseudo scalar field, means that at low temperatures, T<Tc (u)
I mf I ~ ( Λc2/ Λmc ) √ mt/mc
  the vacuum of PG particles is unstable.

23. Phase transition (lower quarks)
In such vacuum, at the temperature T= Tc(u)
a relativistic phase transition must take
place, resulting a state with spontaneously
broken symmetry. The same situation for f. of low quarks are:
m f(d) 2 = - (1/24ud2) <(αs/π)Gμνm Gμνn > [(mb - ms)2/mbms] for complex scalar field.

24. A large-scale structure of DM produced
Notes
A numerical simulation of such relativistic phase transitions has shown that a spatial interchange of high-symmetry and low-symmetry phases took place in the Universe with the density contrast ~ 0.1.
A large-scale structure of DM
produced

25. Simulation

26. Note
To explain the hierarchy of baryonic structures, our model realizes at least three relativistic
phase transitions (T < 10-1 eV)

27. How can check this model?
This model can be given an experimental status only after the discovery of familons. Petraki and Volkas discussed already a possible search for composite quarks, leptons and gauge bosons on the basis of studying the dimuon mode in pp collisions at the LHC (the CMS detector)
arXiv:

28. A general note Thank you very much
1 generation gives the observable baryon world, 2 and 3 generations (their existence) give all DM (here familons).
The “weak” place of the preon model is a
lepto-boson condensate which is unknown
Thank you very much