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Quiz 4 review
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Quiz 4 Heart Lung Kidney
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Contents of a plaque
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Atherosclerosis: Major Risk Factors
Non-modifiable Increasing age Gender Family history Genetic abnormalities Potentially modifiable Hyperlipidemia Hypertension Cigarette smoking Diabetes C-reactive protein level
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Clinical consequences of left and right heart failure
cyanosis pulmonary edema hepatomegaly Clinical consequences of left and right heart failure splenomegaly ascites peripheral edema
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Congenital Heart Disease
Left-to-right shunts atrial septal defects ventricular septal defects Patent ductus arteriosus Right-to-left shunts tetralogy of Fallot transposition of the great arteries Obstructions aortic coarctation
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Tetralogy of Fallot
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Infective Endocarditis
Microbial invasion of heart valves, endocardium Acute endocarditis highly virulent bug attacks normal valve half of patients dead within days to weeks Subacute endocarditis low virulence bug colonizes abnormal valve slow onset, long course, most recover Symptoms: fever, flu-like symptoms Complications: septicemia, arrhythmias, renal failure, systemic emboli
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Respiratory Pathology Outline
Acute respiratory distress syndrome Obstructive lung diseases Restrictive lung diseases Vascular diseases Infections Carcinoma
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Diffuse alveolar damage: hyaline membranes
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Emphysema: dilated air spaces
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Chronic bronchitis: mucous gland hyperplasia
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How is asthma triggered?
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Bronchiectasis
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IPF: tons of fibrosis
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Asbestos fibers
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Typical bugs in different clinical settings
Community-acquired Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae Mycoplasma pneumoniae viruses Immunocompromised Cytomegalovirus Pneumocystis jiroveci Aspergillus Nosocomial gram-negative rods Staphylococcus aureus Chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis Histoplasma capsulatum Aspiration Anaerobic bacteria
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Adenocarcinoma
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Adenocarcinoma in situ
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Squamous cell carcinoma
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Large cell carcinoma
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Small cell carcinoma
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Renal Pathology Outline
Introductory stuff Glomerular diseases Tubular and interstitial diseases Diseases involving blood vessels Cystic diseases Tumors
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Nephrotic vs. Nephritic Syndrome
Massive proteinuria Hypoalbuminemia Edema Hyperlipidemia/-uria Nephrotic syndrome Hematuria Oliguria Azotemia Hypertension Nephritic syndrome
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Renal Pathology Outline
Introductory stuff Glomerular diseases Nephrotic syndrome Minimal change disease Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis Membranous nephropathy Nephritic syndrome Postinfectious GN IgA nephropathy
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1. Which of the following is a typical symptom of left heart failure?
Splenomegaly Pitting edema Ascites Dyspnea Hepatomegaly 90
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2. Which of the following is NOT a feature of tetralogy of Fallot?
Atrial septal defect Ventricular septal defect Pulmonary outflow tract obstruction Right ventricular hypertrophy Overriding aorta 90
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3. Which of the following is a MAJOR risk factor for atherosclerosis?
Estrogen deficiency Stress Cigarette smoking Physical inactivity A type “A” personality 90
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4. In the US, the most common cause of heart disease is:
Congenital defect Viral infection Bacterial infection Atherosclerosis Idiopathic cardiomyopathy 90
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5. Which of the following is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae Staphylococcus aureus Haemophilus influenzae Mycoplasma pneumoniae Neisseria meningitidis 90
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6. In which of the following diseases does a Ghon complex occur?
Lobar pneumonia Interstitial pneumonia Pulmonary tuberculosis Lung abscess Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 90
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7. Which of the following lung findings is commonly present in chronic bronchitis?
Dilated terminal bronchioles Mucous gland hyperplasia Abundant eosinophils Necrotizing granulomas Large emboli 90
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8. Which of the following diseases is NOT caused primarily by smoking?
Pneumoconiosis Chronic bronchitis Squamous cell lung carcinoma Small cell lung carcinoma Emphysema 90
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9. Which of the following is true regarding small cell lung carcinoma?
The tumor cells tend to form glandular structures Patients may develop paraneoplastic syndromes The tumor has a very low growth fraction It has a relatively good prognosis compared to other types of lung carcinoma It rarely metastasizes 90
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10. Which of the following is a major component of the nephrotic syndrome?
Massive proteinuria Oliguria Azotemia Hypertension Hematuria 90
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