1. Disorders of the Endocrine System

2. Thyroid Gland Hormone: Thyroxin Overactivity (Too much hormone)
Increased metabolic rate
Increased food intake but loss of weight
Hyperthyroidism (Grave’s disease)
Goitre (swollen neck, maybe bulging eyes)

3. Goitre

4. Thyroid Gland Hormone: Thyroxin Underactivity (Not enough hormone)
Hypothyroidism (Hashimoto’s disease)
- Reduced metabolic rate
Low food intake but gain of weight
Myxoedema (when onset in adults)
Cretinism (when onset in children)
Can also cause a goitre

5. Myxoedema Puffiness (swelling) Fatigue Obesity Dry, thickened skin
Mental impairment
Thin, brittle hair

6. Cretinism Protuberant abdomen Short Stature Infertility
Neurological impairment
Constant Fatigue
Obesity

7. Thyroid Gland Hormone: Calcitonin Overactivity
- Increased Bone Ca, decreased Blood Ca
- Tetany (nerve problems leading to muscle spasms or cramps)
Underactivity
- Increase Blood Ca, decreased Bone Ca
Osteoporosis (brittle bones)
Kidney stones

8. Parathyroid Glands Hormone: Parathormone (PTH) Underactivity
Low Blood calcium, High Bone Ca
Tetany
Overactivity
High Blood calcium, Low Bone Ca
Osteoporosis

9. Pancreas Hormone: Insulin Overactivity Low blood sugar level ( ↓BSL)
Hypoglycemia
Underactivity
High blood sugar level ( ↑BSL)
Hyperglycemia
Diabetes

10. Pancreas Hormone: Glucagon Overactivity High blood sugar level ( ↑BSL)
Diabetes
Underactivity
Low blood sugar level ( ↓BSL)
Hyper insulinism

11. Anterior Pituitary Gland
Hormone: Growth Hormone
Overactive
Giantism (children - very tall)
Acromegaly (adults - bones & skin thicken)
Underactive
- Dwarfism (very short)

12. Giantism
The man holding the baby in the photo is 8 ft, 2.5 inches tall

13. Acromegaly

14. Dwarfism
Dwarfism occurs when there is short supply of GH in childhood. There are two types of dwarfism – Lorrain and Frohlich’s

15. Calcitonin Vs. Parathormone
Over Reactivity
Under Reactivity
Blood Ca
Blood Ca
Blood Ca
Blood Ca
Tetany
Osteoporosis
Kidney Stones
Blood Ca
Blood Ca
Tetany
Osteoporosis
Kidney Stones

16. Insulin vs Glucagon Insulin – Glucagon - Over Reactivity
Under Reactivity
BSL
BSL
Hypoglycemia
BSL
BSL
Hyperglycemia
Diabetes
BSL
Hyperglycemia
Diabetes
Hypoglycemia
BSL

17. Common Diseases and Disorders
Disease/Disorder
Description
Acromegaly
Too much growth hormone produced in adults; enlargement of bones and thickened skin
Addison’s disease
Adrenal gland fails to produce enough corticosteroids
Cretinism
Extreme form of hypothyroidism present prior to or soon after birth
Cushing’s disease
Hypercortisolism; over-production of cortisol
Diabetes insipidus
Kidneys fail to reabsorb water, resulting in excessive urination; hyposecretion of ADH

18. Common Diseases and Disorders
Disease/Disorder
Description
Diabetes mellitus
Type I
Type II
Gestational
Chronic disease characterized by elevated blood glucose levels
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; usually develops in childhood
Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; primarily in adults but increased incidence in teens
Occurs during pregnancy; usually temporary
Dwarfism
Too little growth hormone (somatotropin) produced during childhood

19. Common Diseases and Disorders
Disease/Disorder
Description
Gigantism
Too much growth hormone produced during childhood
Goiter
Enlargement of thyroid gland, causing swelling in neck; deficiency of iodine in diet
Grave’s disease
Hyperthyroidism; antibodies attach to thyroid gland, causing it to produce too much thyroid hormone
Myxedema
Thyroid gland produces inadequate amounts of thyroid hormone; common in females over 50