1. Food Obtaining Behavior
Chapter 40 & 51
Food Obtaining Behavior

2. Energy Transfer and Transformation
Fundamental characteristic of living organisms
Living organisms transform energy from one form to another
Energy flows through an ecosystem
entering as light and exiting as heat
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3. (a) Energy flow from sunlight to producers to consumers
Figure 1.6a
Sunlight
Producers absorb light energy and transform it into chemical energy.
Chemical
energy
Figure 1.6 Energy flow in an ecosystem.
Chemical energy in food is transferred from plants to consumers.
(a) Energy flow from sunlight to producers to consumers

4. (b) Using energy to do work
Figure 1.6b
Heat
When energy is used to do work, some energy is converted to thermal energy, which is lost as heat.
An animal’s muscle cells convert chemical energy from food to kinetic energy, the energy of motion.
A plant’s cells use chemical energy to do work such as growing new leaves.
Figure 1.6 Energy flow in an ecosystem.
(b) Using energy to do work

5. Bioenergetics Overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal
Determines how much food an animal needs
Relates to an animal’s size and environment
Determines behavior and activities
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6. Figure 40.17 Bioenergetics of an animal: an overview.6

7. Metabolic Rate Amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time
Determined by
Heat loss
Oxygen consumed/carbon dioxide produced
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8. Size and Metabolic Rate
Smaller animals have higher metabolic rates per gram than larger animals
Higher oxygen delivery rate
Breathing rate
Heart rate
Greater (relative) blood volume
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9. Figure 40.19 The relationship of metabolic rate to body size.
Figure 40.19a
Figure The relationship of metabolic rate to body size. 9

10. Figure 40.19 The relationship of metabolic rate to body size.
Figure 40.19b
Figure The relationship of metabolic rate to body size. 10

11. Energy Conservation Torpor Hibernation Estivation
Physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases
Hibernation
Long-term torpor
Adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity
Estivation
Summer torpor
Adaptation to high temperatures & low water
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12. Foraging Behavior The Waggle Dance of the Honey Bee
Recognize, search for, capturing, and eating food
Minimize costs/maximize benefits
Natural selection refines behaviors that enhance the efficiency of feeding
The Waggle Dance of the Honey Bee
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13. Low population density 6 High population density
Figure 51.13 7
Low population density 6
High population density 5 4
Mean path length (cm) 3 2
Figure Evolution of foraging behavior by laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster. 1 R1 R2 R3 K1 K2 K3
D. melanogaster lineages 13

14. Average number of drops
Figure 51.14
125 60 50
100 40
Average number of drops
Average number of drops 30 75
Total flight height
Total flight height (number of drops  drop height in m) 20
Drop height preferred by crows  5.23 m
Figure Energy costs and benefits in foraging behavior. 50 10 25 2 3 5 7 15
Drop height (m) 14