1. General Principles of Pathophysiology
The Normal Cell
Homeostasis
Cellular & Tissue Response to Injury

2. Topics Discuss the structure and function of normal cells
Describe the mechanisms for the general maintenance of homesostasis
Discuss the general responses to injury

3. Structural Levels

4. Cellular Functions Organization Metabolism Responsiveness Movement
Catabolism
Anabolism
Responsiveness
Conductivity
Movement
Reproduction
Growth
Differentiation
Respiration
Secretion
Excretion

5. Cell Kingdoms
Prokaryotes
bacteria
Eukaryotes
plants, animals, fungi

6. Building Blocks of Life
Amino Acids -> Proteins
Structure & Function
Nucleic Acids -> DNA / RNA
Information Transmission, energy storage
Simple Sugars -> Polysaccharides
Energy Sources, structure
Fatty Acids -> Lipids
Structure, Energy Source

7. Human Genome as a Book There are 23 chapters, called CHROMOSOMES
Each chapter contains several thousand stories, called GENES
Each story is made up of paragraphs, called EXONS
Each story is interrupted by advertisements called INTRONS
Each paragraph is made up of words, called CODONS.
Each word is written in letters called BASES

8. Speaking of DNA…

9. Cellular Components Phospholipid bilayer Membrane proteins Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic Riticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes

10. Generic Eukaryotic Cell

11. Cell Membrane

12. Phospholipid bilayer w/ proteins
Fluid Mosaic Model
Phospholipid bilayer w/ proteins

13. System Integration Homeostasis Homeo = alike, same
Stasis = always, staying

14. Energy Needs of Homeostasis
Endothermic vs Exothermic Reactions
Spontaneous vs Nonspontaneous Reactions
‘Coupling’
Metabolism
Catabolism
Anabolism

15. Feedback Loops
Negative
Opposes a change
Positive
Enhances a change

16. Feedback Loop Example Snickers  Blood Glucose Snickers
Pancreas  Insulin
Secretion
 glucose transport
 glycogen storage
 Blood Glucose
 Hunger

17. Methods of Communication
Endocrine
Hormones
Nervous
Neurotransmitters

18. Nervous
Endocrine
Wireless
Wired
Neurotransmitters
Hormones
Short Distance
Long Distance
Closeness
Receptor Specificity
Rapid Onset
Delayed Onset
Short Duration
Prolonged Duration
Rapid Response
Regulation

19. Mechanism of Action

20. Synaptic Transmission
Synapse
Post-synaptic
Membrane
Pre-synaptic
Membrane
Neurotransmitter

21. Nervous System Central N.S. Autonomic N.S. Brain Sympathetic
Spinal Cord
Parasympathetic

22. Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
‘Fight or Flight’
‘’Feed or Breed’
Activation
Restoration
Thoracolumbar
Craniosacral
Adrenergic
Cholinergic
Norepinephrine
Acetylcholine

23. Sympathetic Receptors
alpha
beta
Constriction
( Peripheral
Vascular
Resistance)
 Contractility
 Automaticity
(heart rate) 1
Bronchodilation
Vasodilation
Inhibit further
NE Discharge 2

24. General Response to Injury
Cellular Adaptation
Mechanisms of Cell Injury
Manifestations of Cell Injury
Cellular Death

25. Cellular Adaptation Atrophy Hypertrophy Hyperplasia Dysplasia
Metaplasia

26. Atrophy  Size of organelles  Workload (or disease state)
 Efficiency
-OR-
 Functionality
in disease state
 Energy Usage

27. Hypertrophy  Size  # of organelles  contractility  Workload
(or disease state)
 Functionality
in disease state
 ability to
meet demands!
-OR-
 contractility

28. Hyperplasia  tissue size by  # of cells  rate of cell division
 Workload
Physiological state
 rate of
cell division
 tissue size
by  # of cells
2 types:
Compensatory &
Hormonal
 ability to
meet demands!
...
 functionality

29. Hyperplastic endometrium

30. Dysplasia Epithelial Pathological Tissue Mutation Normal Cells
Abnormal
Shape & Size
Mutation

31. Cerical Dysplasia
Normal Tissue
Abnormal
Tissue

32. Metaplasia Ex: Cigarette Pathological Smoking Normal Cells Abnormal
Replacement

33. Mechanisms of Injury Hypoxic Chemical Structural Infectious
(trauma…tons next semester!)
Infectious
Immunologic / Inflammatory

34. Hypoxic Injury Most Common Cause of Cellular Injury!
 Atmospheric Oxygen
 Respiratory Function
Loss of Hb
 Cardiovascular Function
 Hb function (CO)
 erythropoiesis
Most Common Cause of
Cellular Injury!

35. Hypoxic Injury (pathway 1)
Elevated
“Markers”
ex CK, CKMB
Loss of
Phospholipids
Membrane
Damage
Release of
Enzymes

36. Hypoxic Injury (pathway 2)
 mitochondrial
oxygenation
 Na+ Pump
Function...
Vacuolization
of mitochondria
 ATP
Synthesis
 Glycolysis
(anaerobic
metabolism)...
 mitochondrial
function

37. Hypoxic Injury (pathway 2)
 Na+ Pump
Function...
 protein
synthesis
E.R.
Dilation
 cellular
function!
 intracellular Na+
 extracellular K+
 intracellular Ca++
 intracellular
H2O
Cellular Swelling
& rupture

38. Hypoxic Injury (pathway 2)
 Glycolysis
(anaerobic
metabolism)...
Release of
Lysosomal (Digestive)
Enzymes
 Glycogen
Stores
 Lysosome
Swelling
Cellular Digestion
(autodigestion)
 Lactic Acid

39. Na+ K+ ATP pump
Na+
ATP
ADP
ATP K+

40. Chemical Injury
oxyhemeglobin
Saturation
Carboxy-
hemeglobin
Pressure

41. Manifestations of Injury
Cellular Swelling
Cool
Graphics
To come!

42. Physiological Cell Death
Apoptosis
‘Programmed Suicide’
Normal to process of cell
Replacement & Development!
Balance between the “DO IT!” and
“DON’T DO IT!” voices…
Ex: induced apoptosis during
Immune response
Ex: endometrial sloughing during
menstruation

43. Necrotic Cell Death (pathological) Necrotic Cell Death
Coagulative
Gelatinous,
transparent protein
Firm
& opaque
Liquefactive
Brain & neurons
Walled-Off
Liquid Goo
Caseous
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
‘Cased’-Off
Cheese Globules
Fatty
Breast, pancreas
Opaque, Chalky
Soapy

44. Coagulative Necrosis - Kidney

45. Liquefactive Necrosis - brain

46. Caseous Necrosis
Necrosis
Typical of TB
tubercule

47. Fatty Necrosis - pancreas

48. Cirrhosis of the liver
Necrosis
Note nodular surface

49. Gangrene Caused by severe hypoxic injury Dry Coagulative Wet
Liquefactive
Gas
Clostridium
Release gas into tissue
Tissues not just cells!

50. Dry Gangrene

51. Wet Gangrene 2º to diabetes
Necrosis
w/ liquefactive
component

52. Web Resources Cell Membrane: Sodium Potassium ATP pump:
Sodium Potassium ATP pump:
Kimbal’s Biology Page(s): You want it, he’s got it!:

53. Web Resources Virtual Library of Cell Biology:
On-line pathophysiology course: