1. Brain & Cranial Nerves

2. What does that say about drinking, gun control, smoking, etc. ?
Development of Brain
Development begins in the womb by 5 weeks
Development stops between mid 20s and early 30s
What does that say about drinking, gun control, smoking, etc. ?

3. The Brain Contains almost 98% of the body’s neural tissue
Average weight about 1.4 kg (3 lb)

4. 6 Major Regions of the Brain
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Pons
Medulla oblongata

5. The Brain

6. Cerebrum Largest part of brain Controls higher mental functions
Divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres
Surface layer of gray matter (neural cortex)

7. Cerebral Cortex

8. 3 Functional Principles of the Cerebrum
1. Each cerebral hemisphere receives sensory information from, and sends motor commands to, the opposite side of body

9. 3 Functional Principles of the Cerebrum
2. The 2 hemispheres have different functions although their structures are alike

10. 3 Functional Principles of the Cerebrum
3. Correspondence between a specific function and a specific region of cerebral cortex is not precise

11. 4 Cerebral Lobes – What happens here??
Frontal Lobe:
higher cognitive functions – decision making, problem solving
Temporal Lobe:
Hearing, smell, learning and memory
Parietal Lobe:
Process information from senses
Occipital Lobe:
Vision

12. Motor & Sensory Areas of the Cerebral Cortex
Where are these and what are they responsible for?
Motor – Last gryrus of frontal lobe – muscle control
Sensory – First gyrus of the peripheral lobe – receive information from receptors

13. Central sulcus separates motor and sensory areas

14. Special Sensory Cortexes
Visual cortex:
information from sight receptors
Auditory cortex:
information from sound receptors
Olfactory cortex:
information from odor receptors
Gustatory cortex:
information from taste receptors

15. Other Integrative Areas
Broca’s
Breathing pattern and vocalization for normal speech
Wernicke’s
Understanding of speech
Word recognition is in auditory area

16. Cerebellum Second largest part of brain
Coordinates repetitive body movements
2 hemispheres
Covered with cerebellar cortex

17. The Cerebellum
An autonomic processing center

18. Functions of the Cerebellum
Adjusts postural muscles
Fine-tunes conscious and subconscious movements

19. Structures of the Cerebellum

20. Brain Stem Pons Medulla Oblongata
Bridge between cerebrum and cerebellum
Breathing rhythms
Medulla Oblongata
Heart beat and respiration

21. Medial Brain Hypothalamus Thalamus Pineal Gland
Autonomic functions – body temp, thirst, hunger
Thalamus
Alertness and awareness
Pineal Gland
Sleep/Wake Cycles - melatonin

22. Medial Brain Amygdala Hippocampus Corpus Callosum Emotions
Memory –long term
Corpus Callosum
Connects right and left hemisphere

23. Hemispheric Lateralization
Functional differences between left and right hemispheres
Each cerebral hemisphere performs certain functions not performed by the opposite hemisphere

24. The Left Hemisphere
In most people, left brain (dominant hemisphere) controls:
reading, writing, and math
decision-making
speech and language

25. The Right Hemisphere Right cerebral hemisphere relates to:
senses (touch, smell, sight, taste, feel)
recognition (faces, voice inflections)
Typically more creative

26. Cranial Nerves II – Optic – sight III – Oculomotor – eye movement
I. – Olfactory – smell
II – Optic – sight
III – Oculomotor – eye movement
IV – Trochlear – eye movement
V – Trigeminal – mixed (sensory/motor) face
VI – Abducens – eye movement

27. Cranial Nerves VII – Facial - mixed (sensory/motor) face
VIII – Vestibulocochlear – balance, equilibrium, hearing
IX – Glossopharyngeal – mixed head & neck
X – Vagus – mixed thorax and abdomen
XI – Accessory – motor muscles of the neck and upper back
XII – Hypoglossal – motor of the tongue

28. # Name Pneumonic Sensory, Motor, or Both I Olfactory Only Some II
Optic
Old
Say
III
Oculomotor
Olympic
Marry IV
Trochlear
Trainers
Money V
Trigeminal
Take
But VI
Adbucens
Awards My
VII
Facial
For
Brother
VIII
Vestibulocochlear
Very
Says IX
Glossopharyngeal
Good
Big X
Vagus
Victories
Brains XI
Accessory At
Matter
XII
Hypoglossal
Home
Most