1. Explain the formation of a glacial trough. [7 marks]
With the help of Figure 3 describe drumlins. [4 marks]
Describe two or more landforms resulting from glacial erosion (such as corries, arêtes, pyramidal peaks, glacial troughs and associated features) and explain their formation [15 marks]

2. What does this mean? Fluvial = Related to a river Glaciation = Ice
Fluvioglaciation
What does this mean?
Fluvial = Related to a river
Glaciation = Ice

3. Fluvioglaciation
Watch the Fluvio Fluvio 2 (Describe the liquid water on, in and beneath this glacier)
Melting is constantly occurring in the glacier
Summer = ?
(The Sun)
Summer/Winter = ?
(Friction/Pressure)

4. Meltwater Lubrication – Assists in glacial movement
Important in Nivation hollows
Transportation – Of material such as moraine
Refreezing – Plucking
Rivers – Supra, Englacial, subglacial
Erosion – Under, to the sides, in front of the ice

5. Meltwater
As meltwater is often under huge pressure is flows quickly with much energy and so is erosive.
In summer, large quantities of meltwater can occur in a short time and again this is erosive.
When discharge decreases, material is deposited. This is like a river (sorted, large pieces first) unlike ice which is unsorted (Till)
Deposits often occur in layers (stratified) due to seasonal variations in flow

6. A glaciated landscape with an obvious fluvial (river) feature

7. Meltwater streams Warm based glaciers produce the most meltwater
Tunnel
Snout
Meltwater channel

8. Fluvioglacial deposits come from glacial meltwater
Features formed by glacial deposition are different from those from fluvioglacial deposits.
Retreating glacier
Braided channels
Tunnel
Terminal moraine

9. Fluvioglacial deposits come from glacial meltwater
Glacial deposits are unsorted whilst fluvioglacial deposits are sorted
Retreating glacier
Braided channels
Tunnel
Terminal moraine

10. Features of fluvioglacial deposition
Kettle holes
Kame terrace
Kame
Esker

12. Outwash Plains Gravel, sands and clays.
This is material washed out of the glacier by running meltwater
It is sorted (as with river features) and deposited when melting slows down (winter)
It can cover glacial deposits such as till, and can be up to 75m thick
Often result in a braided stream due the huge amounts of sediment deposited

13. Sorting effect of fluvioglacial deposition
Because of the effect that water has is similar to that of rivers the heaviest deposits are deposited first followed by the smaller and finer sand and finally clay.
Outwash plain
Gravel Sand Clay

14. Proglacial lakes Proglacial lakes can form in front of glaciers Tunnel
Meltwater streams
Terminal moraine
Glacier
Proglacial lake

16. How Proglacial lakes can form
Proglacial lakes can form in front of glaciers
This is usually when water from meltwater streams gets dammed by terminal moraine
As the meltwater flows into the proglacial lake they slow down and deposit their load on the ice
These deposits are dumped on the valley floor when the glacier retreats and the lake disappears and form delta kames

18. Meltwater Channel A steep sided valley within a glacial trough.
When a lake has built up in front of a glacier, it can flood and rapidly erode a path through relatively weak deposited material
What might cause a lake to build up?
Make notes on Newtondale Channel in North Yorks (P81 AS Textbook)

20. Varves Deposits in the bottom of a glacial lake
Meltwater brings silt and sand, these are deposited in layers
The feature can tell us much about the life of the glacier and the freezing and melting that occurred over time
Seasonal
7000 years = approx 1m of sediment
See Diagram (Waugh p107)

22. Kames Mounds of sand and gravel, left in a wave like shape.
Deposited unevenly by meltwater.
Kames often collapse when the ice retreats.
Use P82 AS Text to add to your notes (& diagram)

23. Kame Terrace Kame terraces are flat areas by the valley side.
These fill in the trough that was left by the meltwater.
A trough occurs at the sides due to greater heat here (conducted from the valley side rock)
How do kame terraces differ from lateral moraine?
Kame Terraces have sorted deposits so are distinguishable form lateral moraines

26. Eskers Long ridges of gravel and sands
Fossilised courses of sub-glacial rivers
Huge pressure exists as the river is trapped by ice, so the load is considerable
When the ice retreats, the piles of deposit remains
Sometimes the esker can be broken, this may be due to the sub glacial river becoming blocked

31. Kettles
These are formed by blocks of ice that are separated from the main glacier by either the glacial ice retreating or by blocks calving off the glacier snout and falling forwards. If conditions are right, the isolated blocks of ice then become partially buried in meltwater sediments. When the ice blocks melt they leave behind holes or depressions that fill with water to become Kettle Hole Lakes.