1. Teknologi Las Kapal
Destructive Testing

2. Destructive Examination
Destructive Examination renders the weld or material unfit for further service.

3. Common methods used in Destructive Examination
Bend testing
Tensile testing
Impact testing
Hardness testing
Chemical analysis
Hydrostatic testing to destruction
Peel testing
Spark testing

4. Bend Testing Bend test samples are referred to as “Test Coupons”
The most common bend tests are
Guided face and root bend testing
Guided side bend testing
Longitudinal root and side bend testing
Fillet weld bend testing
Unguided bend testing

5. Bend Testing Sample Removal

6. Bend Testing Sample Preparation

7. Face Bend Testing

8. Root Bend Testing

9. Side Bend Testing

10. Longitudinal Face Bend Testing

11. Longitudinal Root Bend Testing

12. Fillet Bend Testing

13. Pipe Fillet Bend Testing

14. Tensile Strength Testing
“Tensile” is a test in which a prepared sample is pulled until the sample breaks.
Test Measurements are recorded in PSI (Pounds per Square Inch) E7018 = 70,000 PSI Tensile
Test samples called “Tensile Bolts” can reveal a welds Tensile strength, Elastic limit, Yield point, and Ductility.

15. Tensile Strength Testing
The Elastic Limit of metal is the stress (load) it can withstand and still return to the original length after the load is released.
Yield Strength occurs when the test sample stretches however will not return to its original length.
Ductility is the ability of a metal to stretch or elongate before it breaks.

16. Tensile Testing Strength Graph

17. Impact Testing
An Impact tester uses a heavy pendulum that is able to measure the amount of force required to shear or fracture a test sample taken from welds “Heat Affected Zone” (HAZ)
Impact testing may be performed using either the Izod or Charpy method. (Both methods are similar)

18. Impact Testing
A Charpy or Izod test measures the welds ability to withstand an Impact force.
Low Charpy test readings indicate brittle weld metal
Higher Charpy readings indicate the samples toughness.

19. Hardness testing
Hardness may be defined as the resistance to permanent indentation.
Three common hardness measuring tests are
Rockwell test
Scleroscope test
Brinell
Microhardness test

20. Hardness testing
The Rockwell testing machine operates somewhat like a press, using a indenter to penetrate the surface of the test sample.
The depth of the indentation determines the materials hardness on a scale of 0-100

21. Hardness testing
The Sceleroscpoe testing machine measures the amount “bounce” that a diamond tip hammer rebounds off the test sample after being dropped.
The Brinell method presses the “indenter” into a sample for a given period of time.
The ability for the sample to resist indentation determines hardness.

22. Hardness testing
Microhardness testers allow you to measure a materials hardness while leaving the least amount of damage possible on the metals surface.
After the indenter is used a powerful microscope is used to determine the the amount of indentation into the components surface.

23. Chemical Analysis
Chemical analysis is used in metallurgical laboratories to determine the metals grain and crystalline structures.
Samples are then place under a high power microscope to view the results.
This is referred to as “Metalography”

24. Hydrostatic Testing to Destruction
Pressure testing or leak testing can be performed with either gasses or liquids.
When this pressure exceeds the limitations of the structures design it will rupture under force.
This rupture will allow engineers to understand the welds weakest areas.

25. Peel testing
Lap joints may be tested to destruction using a Peel test.
Peel testing is most commonly used to check the strength of resistance spot welds or stud weld
Spot weld peel tests are considered successful when the spot weld nugget is torn out of the test sample pieces in tact.

26. Spark Testing
The shape and characteristic of sparks created when metal is ground will help determine its properties.
IE: carbon steel , mild steel.

27. Knowledge is the key to success