1. Network management system
Accounting management

2. Purpose of accounting
The focus of accounting is to track the usage of network resources and traffic characteristics.

4. Accounting scenarios Network monitoring User monitoring and profiling
Application monitoring and profiling
Capacity planning
Traffic profiling and engineering
Peering and transit agreements
Billing
Security analysis

5. Network monitoring

6. User monitoring and profiling
This information can be used to • Monitor and profile users. • Track network usage per user. • Document usage trends by user, group, and department. • Identify opportunities to sell additional value-added services to targeted customers. • Build a traffic matrix per subdivision, group, or even user. A traffic matrix illustrates the patterns between the origin and destination of traffic in the network.

7. Application monitoring and profiling
The collected accounting information can help you do the following: • Monitor and profile applications: - In the entire network - Over specific expense links • Monitor application usage per group or individual user • Deploy QoS and assign applications to different classes of service • Assemble a traffic matrix based on application usage

11. Traffic profiling and engineering

12. Peering and transit agreements

13. Peering and transit agreements

14. Peering and transit agreements

15. Billing

16. Billing
For a billing solution, the following steps are necessary: • Data collection— Measuring the usage data at the device level. • Data aggregation— Combining multiple records into a single one. • Data mediation— Converting proprietary records into a well-known or standard format. • De-duplication— Eliminating duplicate records. • Assigning usernames to IP addresses • Calculating call duration • Charging • Invoicing

17. Billing Volume-Based Billing Destination-Sensitive Billing
Destination and Source-Sensitive Billing
Quality-of-Service Billing
Application and Content-Based Billing
Time/Connection-Based Billing
Voice over IP (VoIP) and IP Telephony (IPT) Billing