1. The World Economy

2. New Technology: A Key to Power
Sailing ships, compass, mapmaking
Development of the Mercator map
Guns and cannons- led to European military superiority

4. Portugal and Spain Lead the Pack
Portugal’s rulers drawn by- excitement of discovery, harm to Muslim world, thirst for wealth
Prince Henry, the Navigator- builds school in Portugal to teach navigation
Bartholomu Dias- around the Cape of Good Hope (southern tip of Africa)- 1488
1498- da Gama reached India
Spain, meanwhile, began claiming the Americas (1492- Columbus’s voyage)
Treaty of Tordesillas- divides land Spain and Portugal can rightfully claim
Magellan circumnavigated the world

5. Northern European Expeditions
French explorers in Canada- 1534
British in North America- Jamestown 1607 and further settlement of the east coast
Dutch dominated in southeast Asia
Dutch, British, French- all establish trading companies, ie. Dutch East India Company
The companies had rights to raise armies, coin money, enact treaties

6. The Columbian Exchange of Food and Disease
Diseases like smallpox and measles wiped out about 50% of the Native American population
Corn and potatoes help increase world population
European and Asian animals like the horse and cattle introduced to New World

7. The West’s Commercial Outreach
Although Muslim trading still very active and commerce in the Middle East strong, Europeans began dominating a great deal of oceanic shipping and getting into trade between other societies
Increase in European profits
Battle of Lepanto Spanish defeat Ottomans and end Muslim threat

8. Imbalances in World Trade
Competition within Europe (Spain, England, France, Netherlands)
Expanded manufacturing
Core nations in the new world system supplemented their growing economic prowess by self-serving political policies, i.e. mercantilism

9. A System of International Inequality
Most area relationships established in late 17th century still exist today
Coercive labor systems spread- Dutch East Indies, Americas, 18th century India

10. How Much in the World Economy?
Still, many areas of the world not part of this global system
Asia left out by choice (China, Korea, Japan, India, Persia, Ottomans)
Africa also untouched largely

11. The Expansionist Trend
European dominance spread to new areas during 17th and 18th centuries
British and French merchants strengthen positions in India
Eastern Europe exporting grain

12. European Colonial Holdings

13. Colonial Expansion The Americas: Loosely Controlled Colonies
European advantage- guns, horses, iron weapons
Vasco de Balboa- first colony for the Spanish in present-day Panama
Francisco Pizarro- conquered the Inca
France, Britain, Holland also developed colonies in N. America

14. British and French North America: Backwater Colonies
Dutch in New York area (1664 overtaken by English) but Dutch more attached to Asian colonial holdings
Louis XIV in Canada- New France. Strong organization of Catholic church helped
Seven Years’ War between France and England( )- France lost and England got a lot of France’s New World territories
North American products- timber, fur, sugar, tobacco, and cotton
European settlers arrived driven by religious dissent, ambition, and other motives
Spread of western values facilitated by weak native pop.
By 1700 importation of African slaves part of American experience

15. North America and Western Civilization
Most settlers replicated patterns in western Europe, i.e. family unit (but in the Americas children were more important)
Western political ideas led them to revolt later on

16. Africa and Asia: Coastal Trading Stations
Europeans only had small holdings in Africa for trade as they were deterred by climate, disease, and non-navigable rivers
Portugal sent expeditions into Angola in search of slaves- major disruption
Cape Colony by Dutch on Cape of Good Hope (1652)
British and French struggle for control of India (late 17th century on) and French eventually lose
British East India company advantages: station at Calcutta, more influence on British government
European administration limited

17. Impact on Western Europe
Colonial wars and rivalries added to existing hostility between the nation-states
Sugar trade expansion
Wealth and capital from new profits increased Europe’s commercial character