1. Challenge 1 Challenge 2 Conceptual framework - 1. Define 2. Sources
3. Management (awareness & prevention, treatment technologies, novel tools & analysis)
Drinking water treatment (surface water & ground water)
Small scale (PWS) …. Large scale (WTP)
Wastewater treatment (Rural & urban)
Small scale (septic tank) ….. Large scale (WWTP)

2. Emerging Wastewater Drinking water Types & sources
Microplastics
Hospital/veterinary & domestic pharmaceutical waste
AMR genes
Agro chemicals (e.g. emerging strains of human pathogens)
Unknowns!
Interactions…….
Management challenges
Decentralised local scale
Centralised treatment
Types and Sources
Disinfection by-products (urban and rural source)
Hydrocarbons (urban source)
Groundwater (leaking underground reservoirs)
Natural sources (arsenic, fracking by-products, mineral deposits, mining risks, etc.)
Landfill sites
Leaching from wastewater sludge
Agro chemicals (e.g. emerging strains of human pathogens)
Unknowns!
Interactions………
Management challenges
Private supplies
Urban supply

3. Beginnings of key research needs (to develop into questions)
Behavioural change – awareness, individual actions scaled up to community
Extreme events – different geographical contexts
Bioaccumulation….(for some)?
Technological innovation & monitoring / analysis (can we monitor them, analyse in real time, costs? Datasets?)
- Prevention better than cure……

4. Ideas
What is going on internationally? Critical review of best practice / understanding of managing emerging pollutants in decentralised systems – Horizon scanning
Behaviour change – assessing current behaviours in rural communities (e.g. disposal, usage, knowledge)
Crowdsourced data collection for decentralised wastewater systems (inclusive of Septic tanks, pit latrines, SUDS, constructed wetlands etc etc)….(novel disposable kits – real time info on emerging contaminants) – low-cost solution kits…international transferability
Transferability of knowledge of ‘known’ emerging pollutants to newer emerging pollutants (multiple benefits)
Fate of emerging pollutants in decentralised systems – dynamics over time – not just human health benefits, appreciating wider ecosystem service benefits
Economics – expensive to transfer sludge from local rural communities to treatment plants – how address? New localised technology? Is new technology effective?
Wastewater as a resource – we must understand fate of emerging pollutants in WWT systems to have confidence in closing the loop (safe reuse)

5. Immediate hit, quick win…(within a year?....)
Critical review of best practice / understanding of managing emerging pollutants in decentralised systems …. (International knowledge)
Check what Jannette said – difference here may be emerging pollutant angle …. (potential reinvention of wheel – lets ask!)
Any angle we could take to complement & add value? (risks of loss/export of emerging pollutants….)
MSc project?
Maps onto risks/interfaces/processes/equity/behavioural change

6. Medium term (2-5 years)
Assessing current behaviour, attitudes & patterns of understanding across contrasting stakeholder groups - e.g. Rural communities, Vets, Hospital staff, Farmers (e.g. disposal, usage, knowledge) – impacts on emerging pollutants in wastewater – issues vary across sectors and route of emergence of pollutants…..
Assessing current behaviour – fine tune target groups
How dispose?
Levers to promote change? Different options? Acceptability?
Scenarios analysis / choice-based experiments?
Extensive survey-based approach – social science expertise needed plus…..
Complementary monitoring
Policy formulation- provide the evidence base
Scottish Water / SEPA interest? ... (CASE studentship)?????? HydroNation Scholar (if funding continues….)
Maps onto risks/interfaces/processes/equity/behavioural change

7. Research Project 3-5 yrs : Fate of Emerging Pollutants in wastewater infrastructure, wastes & the wider environment
Fate of emerging pollutants in decentralised systems – dynamics over time – not just human health benefits, appreciating wider ecosystem service benefits
Wastewater as a resource – we must understand fate of emerging pollutants in WWT systems to have confidence in closing the loop (safe reuse)
Transferability of knowledge of ‘known’ emerging pollutants to newer emerging pollutants (multiple benefits)
Role of seasonality / extreme event impacts on degradation / decay
Sludge & emerging contaminants –
Field-based experiments, controlled lab complementarity
Septic tanks as ‘real world labs’
Accumulation of emerging pollutants in sediments and other habitats (a new legacy impact)
Maps onto risks/interfaces/processes/equity/behavioural change

8. Longer term aspirational project: Crowdsourced data collection for decentralised water & wastewater systems
Citizen Science – citizen science portal
Monitoring opportunities for septic tanks, pit latrines, SUDS, constructed wetlands etc etc
Requirement for novel low cost disposable kits – real time info on emerging contaminants …international transferability – develop in UK, wider applicability to other areas of the world (rapidly developing, less developed)
Coupled with online logging – capture large scale datasets
Mobile phone apps
Quality control……..
Expertise: informatics plus…….
Maps onto risks/interfaces/processes/equity/behavioural change