1. Sanitation and Behaviour Change Lessons from Practice
Depinder Kapur
Programme Coordination Mechanism GSF
State level Workshop,
Ranchi, 24-25th June 2015

2. SBM(G) Objectives
Bring about an improvement in the general quality of life in the rural areas, by promoting cleanliness, hygiene and eliminating open defecation.
Accelerate sanitation coverage in rural areas to achieve the vision of Swachh Bharat by 2nd October 2019.
Motivate Communities and Panchayati Raj Institutions to adopt sustainable sanitation practices and facilities through awareness creation and cost effective and appropriate technologies health education.
Encourage for ecologically safe and sustainable sanitation.
Develop where required, Community managed sanitation systems focusing on scientific Solid & Liquid Waste Management systems for overall cleanliness in the rural areas.
Adopt the Community led and Community Saturation approaches focusing heavily on collective behavioral change.

3. Sanitation Trend in India
Sanitation coverage increased 1% pa since 1980, irrespective of high subsidy(TSC in early 1989s), low subsidy(since 1999 sector reform) and incentive(NGP, 2003) based sanitation promotion.
Peoples preference for good quality toilet construction, septic tanks not pit latrines in rural areas.
Under spending on CRSP/TSC/NBA. Construction focus not promotional work.

4. Behaviours: Basis of analysis
Qualitative research. Listing out key determinants of hygiene behaviours and assess responses across 4 districts
More than one factor could determine a particular behaviour.
Similarities and Differences
when observed in more than two districts, then considered as similarities
When observed in two or less districts, then considered as differences

6. WASH Health Impacts: Trends
Inadequate access to water and sanitation accounts for only 0.9% of the global burden of disease
Globally child mortality has halved/come down, life expectancy has increased with non communicable diseases becoming more dominant
Child deaths from diarrhea fallen from 2 million a year in 1990s to less than 700,000 a year
DALYs lost due to inadequate access to water and sanitation halved since 1990

7. What do the trends tell
Difficult to assess the relative contribution of a single health risk factor to global burden of disease
Measuring attributing of specific WASH interventions (sanitation, hand washing, etc.) towards health outcomes (diarrhea reduction) vis a vis no intervention – very difficult. Yet there is no denying that clean environment and personal hygiene contribute to good health and reduction in diarrhea, serious infections, disease and food absorption.
WASH health impacts research: specially hygiene health impact research: a priority for commercial sector, linked to product promotion, can sometimes prioritise one hygiene intervention over the others
Core focus on safe drinking water and basic sanitation can get sidelined

8. Reasons for disuse of toilet; 2010 study
Poor unfinished installation(31%)
Poor construction(26%) – blockage, pan chocked, poor disposal arrangement, etc.
No superstructure(14%)
Wrong location(5%)
Lack of water(9%)
Lack of behaviour change (18%)

9. Formative Research in Sanitation and Hygiene; Key Findings Bihar 2011

10. FR STUDY FINDINGS
SANITATION – TOILET USAGE

11. Sanitation: Status, Issues
Progress in breaking resistance towards building and using toilets.
Instances of people building toilets on their own, as well as repairing TSC toilets that have been damaged – are there but few
Despite the high level of awareness, the vast majority of men and children continue to defecate in the open.

12. Low Toilet Usage: some reasons
Contractor led construction of toilets is leading to poor quality construction, design not being suitable, bad location
Water
What appears as technical failure is a result of lack of engagement of households in the construction process
Most of the toilets are not being kept clean.
Behavioural issues

13. STUDY FINDINGS
Hand washing with soap at critical times

14. Hand Washing: Status and Issues
High awareness but low practice of hand washing with soap at critical times
Hand washing with soap, before eating is lower than after defecation
Hand washing after defection is done with mud
Ash is not a preferred medium for hand washing after defecation or before eating.

15. Hand Washing: Status and Issues
Few women reported using ash for hand washing after defecation
Children seldom washed hands with soap after defecation and before eating . Not enough being done at home and in school to address this behavior
Bad Smell: most important Motivation for hand washing. Health not a prime motivator

16. Hand Washing Behaviour – Deeper Barriers
For those who work in the fields, doing manual labour, improved personal hygiene had a distinct class and caste association. Personal hygiene including wearing clean clothes and washing hands with soap - seen as a behaviour that only the rich and those who do not perform manual labour, can practice
Well entrenched hierarchical social status : improved personal hygiene or looking clean for the marginalised is percieved as coming into conflict with status quo
Gender dimension – toilet decision and O&M
Minority muslim community, the fear that there is pig fat in soap, is deterring soap usage (only in a few villages this was observed).

17. BCC in WASH: Where should we start from and end?

18. Missing WASH messages in BCC campaigns
Caste dimension(Impurity, Dirty, Occupational) of sanitation and hygiene in India
Manual scavenging and all other occupations dealing with cleaning – lowest social status
Missing WASH messages in BCC campaigns
Gender sensitive messaging
Norms and entitlements
Identifying peoples preferences(and reasons) for toilets and safe water, deciding on programming priorities, a BCC campaign that identifies barriers and deeper motivations.
eg. Septic tank systems vs pit latrines
Filters vs RO systems
Monitoring behaviours and not health outcomes? SHEWA-B project in Bangladesh showed no significant improvement in health outcomes(reduction in diarrheal incidence) of integrated WASH programming at scale
Should we only monitor improvements in hygiene practices and behaviours and not outcomes of improved hygiene in a WASH project life cycle?

19. IMPORTANT TIPS FOR LIFE
WHEN YOU CHANGE YOUR THINKING YOU CHANGE YOUR BELIEFS WHEN YOU CHANGE YOUR BELIEFS YOU CHANGE YOUR EXPECTATIONS WHEN YOU CHANGE YOUR EXPECTATIONS YOU CHANGE YOUR ATTITUDES WHEN YOU CHANGE YOUR ATTITUDES YOU CHANGE YOUR BEHAVIOURS WHEN YOU CHANGE YOUR BEHAVIOURS YOU CHANGE YOUR PERFORMANCE WHEN YOU CHANGE YOUR PERFORMANCE YOU CHANGE YOUR LIFE

20. BCC in WASH: Conclusions
BCC in WASH mostly copies commercial advertising techniques of selling behaviour change to consumers
Re enforces gender, caste and class stereotypes
Behaviour change in WASH is a politically sensitive issue;
Needs to address individual and social self perceptions of caste and class – to give respect to what they do first before asking them to practice improved WASH behaviours
Not simply a matter of giving knowledge and translating attitudes into improved behaviour/practice in WASH
Can government/state agencies do this?
Who will do BCC work – need extension workers.
Can a “village community” of a mixed caste village enforce behaviour change?
Can we expect an urban “slum community” to manage community toilets without trouble from anti social elements?

21. THANK YOU