1. Chapter 18
Cold War Conflicts

2. Section 1-Origins of the Cold War

3. Former Allies Clash
The U.S. and U.S.S.R. have different plans for their vision of Europe
Russia-
Believed in communism where the government had total control over property and economy
No political parties, No real voting rights
America-
Believed in capitalism where private citizens controlled the economy, property and held free voting rights

4. Former Allies Clash
The events of the war made both the United States and Russia suspicious one another
Harry S. Truman succeeds FDR as president
As vice-president, Truman was not included in policy decisions and was not even aware the atomic bomb existed until he became President
Joseph Stalin continued to lead Russia
However, he resented that U.S. delayed attacking Germany and hid atom bomb from him

5. The United Nations The United Nations
In June of 1945 fifty nations came together to establish the United Nations established as new peacekeeping body
UN becomes the arena where U.S. and U.S.S.R. would attempt to spread their influence
Many hoped a lasting peace could be achieved

6. Truman Becomes President (Again)
Truman’s Role:
Had been kept out of main decisions during war
Forced to jump in without background knowledge

7. The Potsdam Conference
In July 1945 a conference led by Harry Truman of the U.S., Clement Atlee of Great Britain and Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union met to lay the foundations for a post war world
Stalin had gone back on promises for free elections
Democracy wasn’t allowed in the Soviet controlled territories
The U.S. wanted this to help open trade doors fearing that the more communist countries that existed the stronger the Soviet economy would become

8. The Potsdam Conference
Bargaining at Potsdam
Truman becomes convinced that U.S., Soviet aims deeply at odds
Soviets want reparations from Germany due to the fact that they lost over twenty million men
Truman objects to this request
The U.S.S.R agrees to take reparations mainly from own occupation zones known as satellite nations
U.S. emerges from war as great economic power and wants Eastern European raw materials, markets

9. The Potsdam Conference
As a response the U.S. established the policy of containment which aimed to prevent the spread of communism
Europe Became Divided-
The eastern block of Europe was Communist controlled while the west became a non-communist area
Churchill described the division by saying that “an Iron Curtain had fallen across Europe”

11. The Cold War in Europe
The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II that lasted from 1945 until the collapse of communism in 1991.
This ideological conflict was mainly between powers in the Russian controlled Eastern Bloc and powers in the U.S. influenced Western Bloc.

12. The Cold War in Europe Truman Doctrine-
Believed in containment by giving money to countries in jeopardy of being taken over by Communism
U.S. replaces British aid to Greece and Turkey in order to reduce communist threat
The Marshall Plan-
In 1947, Secretary of State George Marshall proposes giving aid to any nation in need who is fighting off the advance of communism
Under this plan sixteen nations receive over thirteen billion dollars in aid

13. Dealing with Germany
Following the Potsdam Conference Germany is divided into four zones
A British, French, Russian and United States led zone
However, Great Britain and France were still recovering from war so control ultimately fell to the U.S. and Russia
Later it was split into an eastern and western block
Berlin was shared but technically in Soviet territory. So it was divided and the Soviets agreed to keep road open
They did not

14. Dealing with Germany Berlin Airlift
The United States and Great Britain conducted 227,000 flights over a period of 327 Days
During the Berlin Airlift nearly 2.3 million tons of supplies were dropped into the city of Berlin

15. North Atlantic Treaty Organization
After seeing what happened in Germany people got nervous
So twelve countries (Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, and the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland) came together to form NATO for protection
NATO has its own military

16. Section 2- The Cold War Heats Up

17. China Becomes a Communist Country
No longer isolationist, we get involved in world issues
Korea-
Who are we fighting?
North Korea and China with Soviet Aid
China-
US aided Chinese Nationalist Government headed by Chiang Kai-shek, but a new Communist party led by Mao Zedong was on the rise in China

18. China Becomes a Communist Country
China breaks out in a civil war = Communists win
U.S. felt that containment failed
Led to fear of Communists at home and abroad

19. The Korean War Post WWII-Korea was divided : North (Communist)
South (Supported by the U.S.)
1950-North Korea attacked South Korea
South Korea asks for help, and the U.N. joins
16 nations sent troops, 90% American
Macarthur pushes N. Korea back into their own territory when it looked like we were going to lose

20. The Korean War
Then the Chinese aided the North Koreans, and pushed back to 38th parallel
MacArthur suggests attacking China
Truman says no b/c attacking China would bring Russia in and start WWIII
MacArthur calls Truman weak and gets fired

21. The Korean War 1951-Soviets suggest Peace talks
Two Points for Agreement-
Make 38th parallel the dividing line
Create a demilitarized zone to prevent future fighting

22. The Korean War The war was a stalemate: No winner
54,000 dead Americans, cost nearly 67 billion
1952-Election the country wants a new political party to lead us
Eisenhower: Republican party

23. Section 3- The Cold War at Home

24. Fear of a Communist Influence
People feared Communists would influence our government and we would lose civil rights
Some people said Truman was not strict enough
Loyalty Review Board
Designed to make sure all gov. employees are loyal
212 government employees are dismissed

25. Fear of a Communist Influence
House Un-American Activities Committee:
Investigated other parts of country:
Hollywood Ten-Arrested for not giving names of people who the government accused of being guilty
Hollywood Blacklist created: 500 people thought to be guilty couldn’t get work

26. Fear of a Communist Influence
McCarran Act-
Unlawful to create a dictatorship in U.S.: Took away freedom of thought and speech
Congress voted to override Truman’s veto

27. Spy Cases Stun the Nation
Alger Hiss
Charged with espionage but sent to jail for perjury
Richard Nixon made name for himself in prosecution
Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
Soviets explode A bomb 1949
Secrets from U.S. scientists
Rosenbergs accused of leaking secrets
Sent to electric chair

28. McCarthyism Senator Joseph McCarthy
Exploited people’s fear for his own gain
Claimed to have 57,81,205 names of Communists
Never produced a single name
He ruined lives, and scared people
When he accused the army he lost it all

29. Section 4-Two Nations Live on the Edge

30. Brinkmanship Rules U.S. Policy
When two nations get as close to war without actually fighting
There were new bombs developed to “Scare Peace” into people
H-Bomb: Contained sixty-seven times the power dropped on Hiroshima (A-Bomb)
Race to see who gets it first
Eisenhower and Dulles (Sec. Of State)
Played deadly game against communism build up bombs and Air Force

31. Cold War Spreads Around the World
Cold War Affects World
Middle East
1951-Prime Minister of Iran, takes over Oil Fields
U.S. afraid he would turn to U.S.S.R
We put Shah back in power, but he treated his people bad, they don’t like us

32. Cold War Spreads Around the World
Latin America
U.S. takes Guatemala
Used CIA to train army and invade set up new government that was a dictatorship, but U.S. supported

33. Cold War Spreads Around the World
Warsaw Pact
1955-Soviet Union and 7 countries form a military alliance
Summit in Geneva
U.S. and Russia meet:
Ike proposes Open Skies to prevent nuclear attacks
Russia says NO but it’s a step towards peace

34. Cold War Spreads Around the World
Suez War
1955-Nasser wants Dam
U.S. and Great Britain pledge financial aid
U.S. finds out he is talking to USSR
We take our money back
Nasser took control of Dam
England goes to war
Israel affected, they use canal
UN stepped in and settled the dispute

35. Cold War Spreads Around the World
Eisenhower Doctrine-
U.S. would defend any Middle Eastern nation from Russia
Hungary rises up
Imre Nagy makes new gov.
Hungary wants freedom and free elections
Soviets come in with tanks and execute Nagy
US had promised help, but did nothing

36. The Cold War Takes to the Skies
Stalin Dies and Nikita Krushchev takes over
Hoped for peace, but still wanted Communism
Wanted scientific and economic competition
Soviets take lead in space race: Sputnik
1955: U-2 plane shot down
Illegal CIA flights = Hurts peace and peace summit called off as a result