1. Religious ideas about the individual and the importance of the individual.
Religion
Impact of historical events on modern ideas about government, constitutions and individual rights.
Renaissance
Morality, capitalism and the Enlightenment
Capitalism
SmartArt graphic with pictures on red background
(Intermediate)
To reproduce the SmartArt graphic on this slide, do the following:
On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank.
On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click SmartArt.
In the Choose a SmartArt Graphic dialog box, in the left pane, click Picture. In the Picture pane, double-click Title Picture Lineup (fifth row) to insert the graphic into the slide.
Click each of the four picture placeholders in the SmartArt graphic, select a picture, and then click Insert.
Select the graphic. Under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, enter 5.92” in the Height box and 8.75” in the Width box.
Also under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, in the Arrange group, click Align, and then do the following:
Click Align to Slide.
Click Align Center.
Click Align Middle.
Select the graphic, and then click one of the arrows on the left border. In the Type your text here dialog box, enter text.
Press and hold CTRL, and then select all of the text boxes above the pictures. On the Home tab, in the Font group, select Gill Sans MT from the Font list, and then select 26 pt. from the Font Size list. Click Font Color and select White, Background 1.
Press and hold CTRL, and then select all of the text boxes above the pictures. Under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shapes group, click Change Shape, and then under Rectangles, click Round Diagonal Corner Rectangle.
Also under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following:
In the Type list, select Linear.
In the Angle box, enter 0.3°.
Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until three stops appear in the slider.
Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows:
Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following:
In the Position box, enter 0%.
Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 77, Green: 28, and Blue: 27.
Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following:
In the Position box, enter 50%.
Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 136, Green: 50, and Blue: 48.
Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following:
In the Position box, enter 100%.
Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 77, Green: 28, and Blue: 27
Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, click No line.
Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Shadow in the left pane, in the Shadow pane, click the button next to Presets, and then under Outer, click Offset Diagonal Bottom Left (first row).
Press and hold CTRL, and then select the three text boxes below the pictures. On the Home tab, in the Font group, select Gill Sans MT from the Font list, select 24 in the Font Size box, and then click Font Color and select White, Background 1.
Also on the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Align Text Left.
Press and hold CTRL, and then select the three vertical lines in the SmartArt graphic. Under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, click Gradient line, and then do the following:
In the Type list, click Linear.
In the Angle box, enter 90°.
Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until two stops appear in the slider.
In the Position box, enter 46%.
Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 40, Green: 15, and Blue: 14.
In the Transparency box, enter 0%.
Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row).
In the Transparency box, enter 100%.
Press and hold CTRL, and then select all three pictures. Under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shapes group, click Change Shape, and then under Rectangles, click Round Single Corner Rectangle.
Under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the Picture Styles group, click Picture Effects, point to Shadow, and then under Inner, click Inside Diagonal Top Right.
Also under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the Picture Styles group, click Picture Border, and then click No Outline.
To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:
On the Design tab, in the Background group, click Background Styles, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Gradient fill, and then do the following:
In the Type list, click Radial.
In the Direction list, click From Center.
Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 153, Green: 57, and Blue: 55.
Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 114, Green: 42, and Blue: 40.

2. LESSON OBJECTIVES
Explain the differences between classical republican and Judeo-Christian ideas about the importance of the individual.
Explain how certain historical developments influence modern ideas about government, constitutionalism, and individual rights.
Take, evaluate, and defend positions on approaches to theories of morality, the importance of the rise of capitalism and how the Enlightenment inspired the Founders.

3. Historical developments that influenced modern ideas of individual rights.
Known: Natural Rights Philosophy and Classical Republican ideas influenced the Founders.
Classical Republicanism emphasized public morality.
Religious shifts in the in the Judeo-Christian belief system emphasized personal morality.
Classical Republicanism emphasized the common good, while Judeo-Christian beliefs emphasized the dignity and worth of the individual.
Understanding the cultural, political, economic and social changes that occurred, helps us understand what was shaping thought of individuals and societies.

4. Religion affecting change
Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire and received relief from persecution with the arrival of the Roman Emperor Constantine.
Roman Catholic Church was an extremely powerful political agent during the Middle Ages. Bishops were often as important as some princes and/or barons.
The Roman Catholic Church as a unifying social institution.
Political loyalties remain local, as people trusted local rulers for protection more so than institutions.
There was no national loyalty, as is seen today.
What does this mean for understanding the concept of the individual and individual freedom?

5. European Concepts of the Individual
European society was fragmented, except for the Catholic Church.
Europe was really groups of communities.
Communication and travel was dangerous, slow and difficult.
Government followed the pattern of feudalism.
Feudalism:
Principal of land for service
Vassals = people who lived on their lord’s land and were to be protected by their lord.
Feudal contract defined duties and rights
Loyalty was to their lord above all else

6. Feudalism, Classical Republicanism and Christianity
While Christianity viewed all “believers” as equal, Medieval thinkers struggled to work out the harmony of the individual and the whole of society.
This struggle led them to look at the concept of “Res publica Christina.”
Looked at Plato who suggested that parts of society, like the parts of a body…..some are important, some are more important than others. All are necessary for the whole.
People were divided in to classes:
*Nobility *Royalty *Clergy *Tradesmen * Craftsman
* Peasants *Serfs
Social aspects were permanent and hereditary: one could not leave their class.
Property was inherited not sold and came with responsibility

7. Renaissance and the Reformation affecting change
Renaissance was marked by the revival of intellectual life that began in Italy in the 14th century.
Commerce flourished, printing press was invented, rediscovery of ancient texts.
Changed the ideas about politics individual rights and religion.
People could change position in volatile city-states
Growing opportunity for individuals created interest in government and religious institutions and the relationship of individuals to those institutions
Reformation began with Martin Luther and John Calvin leading to Protestantism.
Impacts the Catholic Church’s political influence.

8. Reformation Impacting
Printing press provided access to books, including the Bible in many languages.
As people began to read books and have their own copy of the Bible in their language their ideas about individual freedom and their dependence on organized religion shifted.
The concept of free inquiry and individual conscience gave rise to individual freedom and the questioning of the authority of institutions both religious and political.
The Church of England during the Elizabethan period was criticized for not being “pure enough.” These reformers were referred to as Puritans for wanting to purify the church.

9. Nation-States
During the Middle Ages rulers were expanding their spheres of control.
Reformation and Renaissance increased the speed of this process.
Religious wars were rampant across Europe
The end of the Thirty Years’ War in 1648 ended with the Peace of Westphalia.
Marked the beginning of nation-states
Recognized national sovereignty
Nation-states could choose their own religion
People began to think of themselves as citizens of nations, with rights and duties
Some city-states remained – practiced self government

10. Capitalism
Medieval society began to decline as good on trade routes were freely traded.
Capitalism: an economic system that produces and distributes goods through private ownership and competitive for profit markets.
Individuals began choosing their own business and began to buy and sell property.
People, through natural rights and protestant beliefs, were encourage to work to improve their economic position.
Wealth and political power began to shift from to a new class that gain wealth though commerce away from upper class gained wealth through land.

11. Enlightenment Period
The interests in natural science inspired by the Renaissance were developed as people travel outside of Europe in commerce.
Science and technology grew
People believed they could solve problems such as disease
Francis Bacon: power of human reason and observation
Scientists: Copernicus, Galileo, Newton
Expanded to thoughts about philosophy and government: Human behavior could be understood, predicted and controlled
Hobbes
Decartes
Galileo
Locke
Montesquieu
A society’s government corresponds to the social, economic and geographic conditions of that society.
Best government is one tailored to the needs of that nation.

12. American Founders – Influences
Belonged to the Age of Enlightenment
Believed in reason and discovery
Locke and Montesquieu enabled them to understand government and social institutions
James Madison called it a “new science of politics”