1. The Union in Peril
Chapter 10

2. The divisive Politics of slavery
Section 1
The divisive Politics of slavery

3. Describe the growing differences between the North and South in their economies and ways of life.
Industrial
20,000 miles of RR
Factories
Large cities
Lots of immigrants
Opposed to slavery
Agricultural
Rural
Little industry
Few immigrants
Cotton Gin – 1794 Eli Whitney
By the early 1850s, the North and South had grown further apart. The North was industrial. It had 20,000 miles of railroad track, factories, and large cities. Many immigrants came to the North to find jobs in the factories. These immigrants opposed slavery. The South remained rural and agricultural. It had very little industry and few immigrants.

4. Differences in North & South
Agriculture
Industry
Immigration

5. Northern Cities
New York, 1860
Broadway, NY, 1860

6. Northern Cities
Boston, 1860
Boston, 1860

7. Coolmore Plantation, NC
Southern plantations
Coolmore Plantation, NC
Letitia M. Burwell & William A. McCullough, Illustration

8. Slaves outside plantation cabins Cotton planting and picking
Southern plantations
Slaves outside plantation cabins
Cotton planting and picking

9. Missouri Compromise 1820
The Missouri Compromise was passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress, involving primarily the regulation of slavery in the western territories. It prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36°30′ north except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri. To balance the number of "slave states" and "free states," the northern region of what was then Massachusetts was admitted into the United States as a free state to become Maine. Prior to the agreement, the House of Representatives had refused to accept this compromise, and a conference committee was appointed.

10. Explain why the Wilmot Proviso failed to pass and why the issue of California statehood became so important.
1846 Congress debated the Wilmot Proviso
Would ban slavery in new territories
North – in favor
South – against
Did not pass
In 1846, Congress debated the Wilmot Proviso. This was a bill that would ban slavery in the new territories acquired from Mexico. Northerners favored the bill. They felt that more slave states would give the South too much power in Congress. Southerners opposed the Proviso. They argued that they had a right to slaves in the new territories, because slaves were property—and property was protected by the Constitution. The
Wilmot Proviso never passed.

11. Compromise of 1850

12. Explain why the Wilmot Proviso failed to pass and why the issue of California statehood became so important.
1849 – CA to enter as free state
South felt should be slave (MO Compromise 1820)
Pres. Taylor – supported CA
Why?
Upset the passionate South
Alarming questions arose
In 1849, California asked to enter the Union as a free state. Southerners thought it should be a slave state since most of it lay south of the Missouri Compromise line. (This imaginary line running through the western territories was created in South of the line, slavery was legal; north of the line it was outlawed.)
President Zachary Taylor supported California’s admission as a free state. Taylor believed that its climate and terrain were not suited to slavery.
More importantly, Taylor felt that the South would be better off leaving the slavery issue up to individual territories rather than Congress—and its many abolitionist members.
However, Taylor soon found that feelings in the South were more passionate than he expected. Southerners saw the move to block slavery in the territories as an attack on the southern way of life. They began to question whether the South should remain in the Union.

13. Analyze how the efforts of Clay, Webster, and Douglas produced the Compromise of 1850 and a temporary halt to talk of secession.
Henry Clay, Kentucky
Presented Compromise to Congress
North – CA admitted as free
South – stricter fugitive laws
Popular sovereignty to NM and UT (South liked)
Fed. Gov. pay $10 million to TX to release NM (North liked)
The 31st Congress opened in December 1849 in an atmosphere of distrust and bitterness. The question of statehood for California topped the agenda. So too did other disputes. Northerners demanded the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia. Southerners accused the North of failing to enforce the Fugitive Slave Act of As the tension mounted, some southern states threatened secession, or formal withdrawal from the union.
In Congress, Henry Clay of Kentucky presented the Compromise of To please the North, the compromise called for California to be admitted as a free state. To satisfy the South, the compromise called for a stricter fugitive slave law. This law required Northerners to return escaped slaves to their masters.
Other provisions of the compromise had elements that appealed to the North and South. For example, Northerners were happy with a provision
that gave popular sovereignty to the territories of New Mexico and Utah. This allowed the territories to decide for themselves whether to be a slave or free state. That provision appealed to Southerners as well.
Also, as part of the compromise, the federal government would pay Texas $10 million to surrender its claim on New Mexico. This provision satisfied Northerners because, in effect, it limited slavery in Texas to its current borders. For Southerners, the money would help to offset Texas’s expenses and debts from the war with Mexico.

14. Analyze how the efforts of Clay, Webster, and Douglas produced the Compromise of 1850 and a temporary halt to talk of secession.
Daniel Webster
Strong supporter of Clay’s compromise
Gave a very convincing speech
The 31st Congress opened in December 1849 in an atmosphere of distrust and bitterness. The question of statehood for California topped the agenda. So too did other disputes. Northerners demanded the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia. Southerners accused the North of failing to enforce the Fugitive Slave Act of As the tension mounted, some southern states threatened secession, or formal withdrawal from the union.
In Congress, Henry Clay of Kentucky presented the Compromise of To please the North, the compromise called for California to be admitted as a free state. To satisfy the South, the compromise called for a stricter fugitive slave law. This law required Northerners to return escaped slaves to their masters.
Other provisions of the compromise had elements that appealed to the North and South. For example, Northerners were happy with a provision
that gave popular sovereignty to the territories of New Mexico and Utah. This allowed the territories to decide for themselves whether to be a slave or free state. That provision appealed to Southerners as well.
Also, as part of the compromise, the federal government would pay Texas $10 million to surrender its claim on New Mexico. This provision satisfied Northerners because, in effect, it limited slavery in Texas to its current borders. For Southerners, the money would help to offset Texas’s expenses and debts from the war with Mexico.

15. Analyze how the efforts of Clay, Webster, and Douglas produced the Compromise of 1850 and a temporary halt to talk of secession.
Stephen Douglas, IL
Chopped up the bill and passed each separately
Taylor dies ~ Fillmore takes over (supportive)
Compromise becomes a law
Congress debated the Compromise of 1850 for months. The North, represented by Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, supported the plan. The
South, represented by John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, opposed the compromise.
The compromise failed to pass. Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois then took action. He was able to pass the compromise by submitting
each part of the plan as a separate bill. The unexpected death of President Taylor aided Douglas’s efforts. On July 9, 1850, Taylor fell ill and died.
Millard Fillmore became president. Unlike Taylor, he supported the compromise. Finally, the Compromise of 1850 became law. However, it did
not settle the issue of slavery for long.

16. Quiz 1
1. The Wilmot Proviso proposed that slavery should be banned from
a. California only.
b. the entire nation.
c. the District of Columbia.
d. all of the territories won from Mexico.

17. Quiz 1 Answer
1. The Wilmot Proviso proposed that slavery should be banned from
a. California only.
b. the entire nation.
c. the District of Columbia.
d. all of the territories won from Mexico.

18. Quiz 2 2. Why were threats of secession feared?
a. People believed they could cause an imbalance in power between the North and the South.
b. People believed that they could result in the abolition of slavery.
c. People believed that they could result in the expansion of slavery.
d. People believed that they could result in the break-up of the Union.

19. Quiz 2 Answer 2. Why were threats of secession feared?
a. People believed they could cause an imbalance in power between the North and the South.
b. People believed that they could result in the abolition of slavery.
c. People believed that they could result in the expansion of slavery.
d. People believed that they could result in the break-up of the Union.

20. Quiz 3 3. Which man did not support the Compromise of 1850?
a. Henry Clay
b. John C. Calhoun
c. Millard Fillmore
d. Stephen A. Douglas

21. Quiz 3 Answer 3. Which man did not support the Compromise of 1850?
a. Henry Clay
b. John C. Calhoun
c. Millard Fillmore
d. Stephen A. Douglas

22. Quiz 4
4. According to the idea of popular sovereignty, which of the following would decide whether slavery would be allowed in a territory?
a. the Senate
b. the President
c. the residents of the territory
d. the House of Representatives

23. Quiz 4 Answer
4. According to the idea of popular sovereignty, which of the following would decide whether slavery would be allowed in a territory?
a. the Senate
b. the President
c. the residents of the territory
d. the House of Representatives

24. Quiz 5
5. Which of the following did not help to save the Compromise of 1850?
a. President Taylor’s death
b. John C. Calhoun’s death
c. its being bundled together as one set of resolutions
d. its being taken apart and presented as separate resolutions

25. Quiz 5 Answer
5. Which of the following did not help to save the Compromise of 1850?
a. President Taylor’s death
b. John C. Calhoun’s death
c. its being bundled together as one set of resolutions
d. its being taken apart and presented as separate resolutions

26. Protest, resistance, and violence
Section 2
Protest, resistance, and violence

27. Describe the provisions of the Fugitive Slave Law and how abolitionists and the Underground Railroad succeeded in defying this law.
Fugitive Slave Act
Alleged fugitive allowed no trial
6th Amendment?
Not able to testify
Statement from slave owner was all that was required
Federal commissioners given $10 to return, $5 to free
Any aid given was $1,000 fine and/or 6 months in prison
The Compromise of 1850 made the Fugitive Slave Act much stricter. It required harsh punishment for escaped slaves—and for anyone who
helped them. This made many Northerners angry.
As a result, nine Northern states passed personal liberty laws. These laws banned the imprisonment of escaped slaves. The laws also guaranteed that escaped slaves would have jury trials.
In addition, free African Americans and white abolitionists organized the Underground Railroad. This was a secret network of volunteers who hid fugitive slaves on their dangerous journey north to freedom. Harriet Tubman, an escaped slave, was a famous leader of the Underground Railroad.

28. Describe the provisions of the Fugitive Slave Law and how abolitionists and the Underground Railroad succeeded in defying this law.
Fugitive Slave Act
The Compromise of 1850 made the Fugitive Slave Act much stricter. It required harsh punishment for escaped slaves—and for anyone who
helped them. This made many Northerners angry.
As a result, nine Northern states passed personal liberty laws. These laws banned the imprisonment of escaped slaves. The laws also guaranteed that escaped slaves would have jury trials.
In addition, free African Americans and white abolitionists organized the Underground Railroad. This was a secret network of volunteers who hid fugitive slaves on their dangerous journey north to freedom. Harriet Tubman, an escaped slave, was a famous leader of the Underground Railroad.

29. The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 made any Federal marshal or other officers of the law repsonsible for arresting in runaway slaves. Those who did not arrest an alleged runaway slave liable to a fine of $1,000. Law-enforcement officials everywhere now had a duty to arrest anyone suspected of being a runaway slave on no more evidence than a slave owners sworn testimony that they owned the runaway. The suspected slave could not ask for a jury trial or testify on his or her own behalf. In addition, any person aiding a runaway slave by providing food or shelter was subject to six months' imprisonment and a $1,000 fine. Officers who captured a fugitive slave were entitled to a bonus for their work. Since any suspected slave was not eligible for a trial this led to many free blacks being sent into slavery as they had no rights in court and could not defend themselves against accusations.
For slaves attempting to build lives in the North, the new law was disaster. Many left their homes and fled to Canada. During the next ten years, an estimated 20,000 blacks moved to the neighboring country. For Harriet Jacobs, a fugitive living in New York, passage of the law was "the beginning of a reign of terror to the colored population." She stayed put, even after learning that slave catchers were hired to track her down. Anthony Burns, a fugitive living in Boston, was one of many who were captured and returned to slavery. Free blacks, too, were captured and sent to the South. With no legal right to plead their cases, they were completely defenseless.
Fugitive Slave Law of 1850

30. The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 made any Federal marshal or other officers of the law repsonsible for arresting in runaway slaves. Those who did not arrest an alleged runaway slave liable to a fine of $1,000. Law-enforcement officials everywhere now had a duty to arrest anyone suspected of being a runaway slave on no more evidence than a slave owners sworn testimony that they owned the runaway. The suspected slave could not ask for a jury trial or testify on his or her own behalf. In addition, any person aiding a runaway slave by providing food or shelter was subject to six months' imprisonment and a $1,000 fine. Officers who captured a fugitive slave were entitled to a bonus for their work. Since any suspected slave was not eligible for a trial this led to many free blacks being sent into slavery as they had no rights in court and could not defend themselves against accusations.
For slaves attempting to build lives in the North, the new law was disaster. Many left their homes and fled to Canada. During the next ten years, an estimated 20,000 blacks moved to the neighboring country. For Harriet Jacobs, a fugitive living in New York, passage of the law was "the beginning of a reign of terror to the colored population." She stayed put, even after learning that slave catchers were hired to track her down. Anthony Burns, a fugitive living in Boston, was one of many who were captured and returned to slavery. Free blacks, too, were captured and sent to the South. With no legal right to plead their cases, they were completely defenseless.
Fugitive Slave Law of 1850

31. Underground Railroad Harriet Tubman
Passage of the Fugitive Slave Act made abolitionists all the more resolved to put an end to slavery. The Underground Railroad became more active, reaching its peak between 1850 and The act also brought the subject of slavery before the nation. Many who had previously been ambivalent about slavery now took a definitive stance against the institution.
Underground Railroad
Harriet Tubman

32. Underground Railroad