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Urban Geography Urban Models
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Two Common Models
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What do they have in common
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They both have CBD Sectors Division
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What is different? The way the sectors are divided. WHY?
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Burgess Model 1925 Studied Chicago
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Burgess Model
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Basic Assumption of Burgess
The farther out from the city the higher the level of income but the longer the commute.
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Six Zones CBD
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Six Zones CBD Industry (rail, port, cheap labor)
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Six Zones CBD Industry (rail, port, cheap labor)
First Gen Immigrants, poorest housing
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Six Zones Second Gen, can move away from poorest zone, still close to work
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Six Zones Second Gen, can move away from poorest zone, still close to work Higher housing, longer commute
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Six Zones Second Gen, can move away from poorest zone, still close to work Higher housing, longer commute Higher cost housing, next to rail before cars, can afford to live there.
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Land Rent Theory and Rent Curve
S = π D2 1/S ΔD Δ1/S S = 3.14 S = 75.40 1 km 5 km 10 km S = Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. 15
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Land Rent and Land Use 2 – Overlay 1 – Bid rent curves of bid rent
B- Industry/ commercial A- Retailing Distance City limits C - Apartments D - Single houses Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. 16
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Why did it work? Before auto amenity era Chicago isotropic plain
Modern compared to Europe. Mercantile cities Cities before ind rev so CBD’s were more developed
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Why did it not work? By the 1950’s it was out of date.
The auto influence not trains and ports dictated models Ethnic divisions New transportation corrodors Not useful in other countries Istropic
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Stronger negatives Why study it?
Older parts of some cities grew that way Parts of other models develop that way
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Other Models developed
Hoyt Sector Model Multi Nuclei Model
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Sector and Nuclei Urban Land Use Models
2 3 3 4 1 2 3 3 5 4 3 1 3 3 5 7 3 6 4 2 3 9 8 1 CBD 2 Wholesale and light manufacturing 3 Low-class residential 4 Middle-class residential 5 High-class residential 6 Heavy manufacturing 7 Sub business district 8 Residential suburb 9 Industrial suburb Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. 21
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Hoyt Sector Model 1939 Automobiles more common Cities larger
Less immigration
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Hoyt Sector Model Cities had to grow and goods had to get to new factories Factories grew up on transportation corridors
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Hoyt Sector Model Size of homes grew, need more land
Bid-rent dictated they must be far away Can be because of cars
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Hoyt Sector Model Local and State governments helped by developing new infrastructure Roads, light rail, utilities
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Hoyt Sector Model Traditional Gov, banks, churches, law offices remained in CBD. Already established Land for expansion Old housing deindustrialization
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Hoyt Sector Model People working there have to have homes
Corridors to suburbs Cheaper land (bid rent) Cars Larger homes
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Hoyt Sector Model Poor people along rail and truck lines
Business along the roads leading in to CBD
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Hoyt Sector Model Conclusion is a wedge shaped model
Very developed CBD Rich suburbs Business on road corridors Poor rail and delapidated areas
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Calgary, Canada
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What do we have? How close is the nearest … Post Office?
Police Station? Bank? Grocery? Restaurant?
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Is there a real CBD? Is there one really big … Post Office?
Police station? Bank? Grocery? Restaurant?
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Multi Nuclei Model Hoyt did not anticipate market forces
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Multi Nuclei Model Hoyt did not anticipate market forces
Because of market forces (Central Place Theory) many cores grew.
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Multi Nuclei Model Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman
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Multi Nuclei Model Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman
CBD may have been important but as people disperse they want services closer to homes
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Multi Nuclei Model Example One central Post Office
More branches closer to homes Multiply by numerous examples, new cores develop
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Urban Activity Print off maps of different scale of the activity area of your students.
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Urban Activity
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Urban Activity
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Urban Activity Have the students map the area high schools. Why are they there? Could there be just one?
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Urban Activity Have the students map the area police stations. Why are they there? Could there be just one?
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Urban Activity Have the students map the area Post Offices. Why are they there? Could there be just one?
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Urban Activity Have the students map the area McDonalds. Why are they there? Could there be just one?
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Urban Activity Have the students map the area Publix. Why are they there? Could there be just one?
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Urban Activity Have the students combine all the information using different symbols onto one map.
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Urban Activity Have the students analyze the combined information to see what model best fits their area.
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Urban Activity Are the activities clustered along roads? Are housing areas clustered by income? Are more expensive farther out
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Latin Model
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Latin Model NPR story on Latin American Cities (6 parts)
npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=
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Latin Model Central Plaza, CBD, elite in center Squatters on periphery
Rich center, poorer farther out
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Latin Model Periphery lacks infrastructure Crime Disease Pollution
Poverty Lack education
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Latin Model Growing very fast
Mexico City, Sao Paulo, Rio, etc. among the largest cities in the world.
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Latin Model Similar in other developing areas India, China, Nigeria
DTM, rural migration Many children part of culture Children are a liability
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Slum Dog Where do they live? How do they live? What lifestyles?
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Largest cities in the world
Shanghai, China 13.3 million
Mumbai (Bombay), India 12.6 million Buenos Aires, Argentina mill
Moscow, Russia 11.3 million
Karachi, Pakistan 10.9 million
Delhi, India 10.4 million
Manila, Philippines 10.3 million
Sao Paulo, Brazil million
Seoul, South Korea 10.2 million
Istanbul, Turkey 9.6 million
Jakarta, Indonesia 9.0 million
Mexico City, Mexico 8.7 million
Lagos, Nigeria 8.68 million
Lima, Peru 8.38 million
Tokyo, Japan 8.3 million
New York City, USA 8.09 million
Cairo, Egypt 7.6 million
London, UK 7.59 million
Teheran, Iran 7.3 million
Beijing, China 7.2 mill
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Largest cities in the world
Toyko, Japan 31.2 million
New York City USA 30.1 million
Mexico City, Mexico 21.5 million
Seoul, South Korea million
Sao Paulo, Brazil 19.9 million
Jakarta, Indonesia 18.2 million
Osaka, Japan 17.6 million
New Delhi, India million
Mumbai, India (Bombay) million
Los Angeles, USA 16.7 million
Cairo, Egypt million
Calcutta, India 14.3 million
Manila, Philippines 14.1 million
Shanghai, China 13.9 million
Buenos Aires, Argentina 13.2 million
Moscow, Russian Fed million
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Edge Cities suburban business districts, major diversified centers, suburban cores, minicities, suburban activity centers, cities of realms, galactic cities, urban subcenters, pepperoni-pizza cities, superburbia, technoburbs, nucleations, disurbs, service cities, perimeter cities, peripheral centers, urban villages, and suburban downtowns
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Edge Cities Garreau (Washington Post Reporter) established five rules
5 mil square feet of office space 600,000 sq ft shopping More jobs than homes Everything for activity space Rural 30 years ago
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Edge Cities Not always a part of the formal region
Functional region all it’s own Does not necessarily have a government Service oriented, entertainment, restaurants, etc.
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Tyson’s Corner
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Tyson’s Corner
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What examples of Edge Cities can you come up with?
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