1. The Effects of Biocontrols on Root Knot Nematodes and Rhizobium
By Joseph Toole

2. Need
Parasitic Nematodes are responsible for the lose $100 billion annually (Sasser,97)

3. Root Knot Nematodes RKN is a parasitic nematode
The life cycle is 17 to 57 days (Widmer,06)

4. Life Cycle First Stage Juvenile stage
First Stage Juvenile stage

5. Life Cycle Second Juvenile Stage
Second Juvenile Stage

6. Life Cycle

7. Damage of RKN

8. SCN Resistant Soy
SCN Resistant Soy is not affected by parasitic nematodes (Tilka,06)
In under 3 years RKN mutations can render it useless

9. Rhizobium Rhizobium is nitrogen fixing bacteria
Can supply half of the plants nitrogen needs

10. Nitrogen Cycle

11. Heavy Metal Pesticides
Copper Sulfate is a popular Heavy Metal Pesticide

12. Clove Oil
Dose-response effects of clove oil from Syzgium aromaticum on the root knot nematode, Meyer, Susan. 2008

13. Pasteuria Penetrans
Population Changes in Heterodera glycines and its Bacterial Parasite Pasteuria sp.in naturally infested soil, G. R. Noel, Journal of Nematology

14. Chitin
Control of Soybean Cyst Nematode by Chitinolytic Bacteria with Chitin Substrate. Tian, Honglin. 2000

15. Purpose
The purpose of this experiment is to find the most ecological way to limit RKN populations without hurting the Rhizobium

16. Hypothesis
Alternate- Is that Chitin combined with another biocontrol will do the best at limiting RKN w/o harming the Rhizobium populations
Null- Is that all the treatments will be the same in terms of the data collected

17. Soy+Rhizobium+RKN
SCN Resistant Soy+Rhizobium+RKN
Heavy Metal Biocontrols Double Biocontrols
Pesticide
N=400
CuSO4
(30mM)
Chitin (.5%)
Clove oil (.12%)
Pasteuria Penetrans
(100,000/cm3)
Chitin(.5%)+Pasteuria Penetrans (100,000/cm3)
Chitin (.5%)+ Clove oil(.12%)
Control
Data Measured
-Nodule Number Nitrogen Soil/Plant
-Nodule size Plant Height
-RKN count
Descriptive Data- mean plus or minus standard deviation
Analytical Data- ANOVA/Sheffe post hoc test p<.05

18. Budget

19. Do-ability
RKN is obtainable from Cornell University Cooperative program
All the biocontrols are obtainable
Procedures have been done before in this lab

20. Bibliography
Becker "Seeking New Controls for Costly Nematodes". Agricultural Research. March FindArticles.com. 18 May
Beremer, Eric. "Nitrogen Benefits From Rhizobia." Micro Biology 14 (1996). Demands of Gene , Individual and Group Selection. Evolutionary Biology 12 (1999): Abstract.
Chen, S.Y., et al., “Investigation of Fungal Antagonists of Heterodera Glycines in Minnesota”, Journal of Nematology, 31 (4), Abstract, p. 527, (Dec. 1999).
2001 Nematology Research Project List, Senyu Chen. University of Minnesota, Southern Research and Outreach Center.
The Soybean Cyst Nematode, S. Chen, University of Minnesota Extension Service, College of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences.

21. Bibliography
Meyer, J., The influence of fungal parasites on the population dynamics of Heterodera schachtii on oil radish, Nematologica, XXVIII, Abstract of Papers at the XVIth International Symposium, p. 161, (1982).
Dose-Response effects of clove oil from Syzygium aromaticum on the root-knot nematode, Susan, Meyer, Pest Management Science. 64:
Opperman, Charles, “Sequence and Genetic Map of Meloidogyne hapla: A compact nematode genome for plant parasitism” , Center for the Biology of Nematode Parasitism, June 20,2008
Population Changes in Heterodera glycines and its Bacterial Parasite Pasteuria sp.in naturally infested soil, G. R. Noel, Journal of Nematology 30(1):
Control of Soybean Cyst Nematode by Chitnolytic Bacteria with Chitin Sbustrate, Honglin Tian, Journal of Nematology 32(4):