1. INTRODUCTION I. General Biology A. Definition B. History of Biology
1. Microscope Development
a. Z. Janssen, first light microscope
b. Galileo Galilei, focusing device
c. R. Hooke, coined “Cellulae”
d. A. van Leeuwenhoek , 1672 “Homunculus” and “Animalcules”

2. 2. Basis of the Cell Theory
a. R. Dutrochet, plants made of cells
b. R. Brown, The nucleus & Brownian Motion
c. M. Schleiden & T. Schwann, 1839 Cell Theory
i. The cell is the basic unit in living organisms.
ii. The cell is the building block of organisms.
d. J. Purkinji, 1840’s coined the term protoplasm
e. R. Virchow (L. Pasteur), “Spontaneous Generation”
iii. Cells arise from preexisting cells.

3. 3. Cellular Control
a. K. von Nageli, plant cells derived from direct division of maternal cells
b. E. Strausburger & W. Fleming, 1840’s directions for growth and division of cells contained in the nucleus
c. G. Mendel, 1860’s proposed a hereditary molecule was responsible for expression of traits in an organism
d. F. Meischer, proposed nuclein material of nucleic acids
e. R. Altmann, purified nucleic acids into purine (A & G) and pyrimidine (T & C) bases DNA in all cells, while RNA variable
f. J. Watson & F. Crick, summarized research and built the first model of DNA

4. II. Characteristics of Life
A. Highly Organized from smallest structure (an atom) to the largest (the biosphere)
Biosphere  Atoms
Figure 1.2
B. Transform Energy
Bioenergetics the science of energy flow
Figure 1.4

5. C. Reproduce D. Grow & Develop Cloning vs. Variation in Nature
Stages and Accomplishments

6. E. Irritable & Adaptable
Daily Adjustments vs. Population Changes
F. Practice Homeostasis
Balanced against Change

7. i. Negative Mechanisms
vs. ii. Positive Mechanisms

8. III. Types of Cells A. Size Limits
Surface Area (increase by square root) vs. Volume (increase by cubed root) Dilemma
Figure 4.2A
Figure 4.1E

9. B. Prokaryotes 2. Characteristics 1. Size Limits Figure 6.2 Figure 4.3

10. C. Eukaryotes 2. Characteristics 1. Size Limits Figure 4.4A
Figure 4.1E
Figure 4.4B

11. D. Viruses (Are these living?)
1. Characteristics
The parts == protein (capsid, landing gear, and injector) surrounding a nucleic acid core (genome = can be DNA or RNA)

12. 2. “Life” Strategies
a. Lytic
b. Lysogenic
Figure 10.17
Figure 10.17

13. IV. Cellular Differentiation
A. Forces (to change DNA)
B. Mechanisms (ways to change DNA)
V. Organism Classification
A. Definitions
b. Taxa
D, K, P, C, O, F, G, & S
Taxonomy & Phylogeny
Figure 1.6
B. Schemes
a. Trophic Levels
Figure 1.4