1. Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
9.1 Cellular Growth
As the cell grows, its volume increases much more rapidly than the surface area.

2. Cell division prevents the cell from becoming too large.
Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
9.1 Cellular Growth
The Cell Cycle
Cell division prevents the cell from becoming too large.
It also is the way the cell reproduces so that you grow and heal certain injuries.
Cells reproduce by a cycle of growing and dividing called the cell cycle.

3. Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
9.1 Cellular Growth
Interphase is the stage during which the cell grows, carries out cellular functions, and replicates.
Mitosis is the stage of the cell cycle during which the cell’s nucleus and nuclear material divide.
Cytokinesis is the method by which a cell’s cytoplasm divides, creating a new cell.

4. The Stages of Interphase
Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
9.1 Cellular Growth
The Stages of Interphase
The first stage of interphase, Gap1
The cell is growing, carrying out normal cell functions, and preparing to replicate DNA.

5. The Second Stage of Interphase, S [Synthesis]
Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
9.1 Cellular Growth
The Second Stage of Interphase, S [Synthesis]
The cell copies its DNA in preparation for cell division.

6. The Third Stage of Interphase, Gap2
Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
9.1 Cellular Growth
The Third Stage of Interphase, Gap2
The cell prepares for the division of its nucleus.

7. The cell’s chromatin tightens.
Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
The Stages of Mitosis
Prophase
The cell’s chromatin tightens.
Sister chromatids are attached at the centromere.
Two chromatids become one chromosome.
Spindle fibers form in the cytoplasm.

8. The nuclear envelope seems to disappear.
Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
The nuclear envelope seems to disappear.
Spindle fibers attach to the sister chromatids.

9. They line up in the middle of the cell.
Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Metaphase
Sister chromatids are pulled along the spindle apparatus toward the center of the cell.
They line up in the middle of the cell.

10. The spindle apparatus begin to shorten.
Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Anaphase
The spindle apparatus begin to shorten.
The sister chromatids separate.
The chromosomes move toward the poles of the cell.

11. The sister chromatids now become separate chromosomes.
Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
The sister chromatids now become separate chromosomes.

12. The chromosomes arrive at the poles and begin to relax.
Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Telophase
The chromosomes arrive at the poles and begin to relax.
Two new nuclear membranes begin to form and the nucleoli reappear.
The spindle apparatus disassembles.

13. Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
The pinching between the newly formed cells is an indication of telophase.

14. In animal cells, microfilaments constrict, or pinch, the cytoplasm.
Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis
In animal cells, microfilaments constrict, or pinch, the cytoplasm.
In plant cells, a new structure, called a cell plate, forms.

15. Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Division of two IDENTICAL daughter cells with the same amount of chromosomes (DNA).

16. Recap – Overview of Mitosis
Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
Recap – Overview of Mitosis

17. Quality Control Checkpoints
Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation
Quality Control Checkpoints
The cell cycle has built-in checkpoints that monitor the cycle and can stop it if something goes wrong.
Spindle checkpoints also have been identified in mitosis.

18. Abnormal Cell Cycle: Cancer
Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation
Abnormal Cell Cycle: Cancer
Cancer is the uncontrolled growth and division of cells.
Cancer cells can kill an organism by crowding out normal
cells, resulting in the loss of tissue function.

19. Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation
Causes of Cancer
The changes that occur in the regulation of cell growth and division of cancer cells are due to mutations.
Various environmental factors can affect the occurrence of cancer cells.