1. THE ROMAN EMPIRE
GARDNER CHAPTER 10-1 PP

2. ANCIENT ROME - BACKGROUND
The Roman Empire -> from Gibraltar to the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates to the Rhine, Danube, Thames and beyond
Multicultural -> Britons, Gauls, Greeks, Egyptians, Africans, Syrians, Jews, and Christians
Roman art and architecture -> covers Europe, Middle East, and Africa
Temples and basilicas, concrete vaults, amphitheaters, docks, road networks
Law, government, language, coinage, art to manipulate public opinion, concrete construction
At the center of it all -> the city of the Tiber -> Rome -> founded by Romulus and Remus in 753 BCE

3. THE CITY OF ROME 5 6 8 7 9 10 4 11 1 17 15 3 2 Temple of Portunus
Circus Maximus
Palatine Hill
Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus
Pantheon
Column of Trajan
Forum of Trajan
Markets of Trajan
Forum of Julius Caesar
Forum of Augustus
Forum Romanum
Basilica Nova
Arch of Titus
Temple of Venus and Roma
Arch of Constantine
Colossus of Nero
Colosseum 11 1 17 15 3 2

4. AN OUTLINE OF ROMAN HISTORY
MONARCHY BCE -> from Romulus and Remus to the overthrow of the Tarquinius Superbus
REPUBLIC BCE -> from the expulsion of Tarquinius Superbus to Octavian becoming Caesar Augustus following victory in the civil war that ended the Republic
EARLY EMPIRE 27 BCE – 96 CE -> begins with rule of Augustus through his Julio-Claudian successors until the end of the Flavian dynasty
HIGH EMPIRE CE -> begins with rule of Nerva and the Spanish Emperors Trajan and Hadrian through the Antonine dynasty
LATE EMPIRE CE -> from the Severan dynasty to soldier emperors, the tetrarchs, and Constantine, the first Christian emperor

5. THE REPUBLIC
509 BCE -> Rome becomes a constitutional Republic -> power was vested in the SENATE and two elected CONSULS
In time of crisis a DICTATOR could be elected for a set time and set purpose
All leaders came from the PATRICIANS = wealthy landowners
Later PLEBEIANS = small farmers, merchants, freed slaves could hold office

6. ARCHITECTURE
211 BCE is a turning point for Roman and Roman art -> Marcellus conquers the Sicilian Greek city of Syracuse -> brings back its art -> craze begins for all things Greek – sculpture, painting, architecture
Greece becomes a Roman province in 146 BCE
133 BCE the last Attalid king of Pergamon wills his kingdom to Rome

7. TEMPLE OF PORTUNUS, ROME
Temple of “Fortununa Virilis”, Rome, Italy, 75 BCE
Eclecticism -> mixing of Greek and Etruscan traditions
High podium, and flight of steps only at front, freestanding columns only on the deep porch
Columns are not Tuscan but Ionic with flutes and bases, and a matching Ionic frieze
Engaged columns on the sides and back of the cella = PSUEDOPERIPETAL temple

8. TEMPLE OF VESTA, TIVOLI
Roman temple built at Vesta on a site overlooking a deep gorge in the early 1st century
Greek inspired -> round or tholos temple
Travertine Corinthian columns
Frieze is carved with garlands held up oxen heads
High podium reached by narrow stairway leading to cella door -> axial alignment
Cella wall made not of stone blocks but a new invention -> concrete

9. SANCTUARY OF FORTUNA, PALESTRINA
Late 2nd century
Most impressive use of concrete during the Republic
Spread out over several terraces leading up the hillside to a tholos
Use of concrete to construct barrel vaults of enormous strength to support the terraces and cover the ramps leading to central staircase
Shops aligned on two consecutive levels -> food and souvenirs

10. ROMAN CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
Revolutionized architectural design
Made of lime mortar, volcanic sand, water, and small stones
Builders place mixture in wooden frames -> left it to dry -> removed wooden molds -> created a solid mass of great strength
Less costly form of construction
BARREL VAULT = semicylindrical ceiling of parallel walls -> forms could be put into the concrete to create windows at any point
GROIN VAULT = formed by the intersection at right angles of two barrel vaults of equal size -> appears lighter and needs less buttressing
FENESTRATED SEQUENC OF GROIN VAULTS
CONCRETE HEMISPHERICAL DOME -> usually rested on concrete cylindrical drum -> sometimes include an OCCULUS = circular opening at the apex

11. (2-42) HEAD OF A ROMAN PARTRICIAN Republican Rome c. 75-50 B. C. E
(2-42) HEAD OF A ROMAN PARTRICIAN Republican Rome c B.C.E. marble
FLASHCARD
IMAGINES = portrait busts of ancestors kept by the aristocratic patricians in wooden cabinets in their homes -> paraded/displayed at funerals of prominent relatives
Subjects of portraits almost always men of advanced age
brutally realistic images with distinctive features
VERISTIC = superrealistic

12. TIVOLI GENERAL
Portrait of a Roman general from the Sanctuary of Hercules, Tivoli, Italy, ca BCE, marble, 6’2”
Idealized Greek style statue of a hero or athlete but with the head is a Roman versitic likeness
Eclectic combination is typical of Republican art

13. NON-ELITE PORTRAITURE
Funerary relief with portraits of the Gessii, Rome, Italy, ca. 30 BCE, marble, 2’1”
Freed slaves could not possess portrait bust of ancestors because their ancestors were not people but property
Roman freedmen often placed relief sculptures of themselves and former owners on the facades of their tombs -> celebrated freedom and new status as Roman citizens

14. JULIUS CAESAR Denarius with portrait of Julius Caesar, 44 BCE, silver
Julius Caesar was first to put his own portrait on coinage during his lifetime
Republican veristic image -> but a break with Roman coinage tradition