1. Empires and Encounters 1450-1750
AP World History Notes
European Empires in the Americas

2. Spanish Colonies Bellwork
What title/name was given to children of Spanish and Native peoples?
Mestizos
True or false: Only those people approved by the Spanish government could trade in American Colonies
TRUE

3. Objective
WWBAT: Introduce the European incentives of colonization and discuss social and economic characteristics of North American colonies

4. Interactive Notebook Setup
2/4/2016
New World Colonization
This will be one page

5. Incentives
Spanish Colonies
British North America
Portuguese Sugar

6. European Empires Time Period European Power(s) Destinations
15th – 16th centuries
Spain
Caribbean, mainland Central & South America
16th century
Portugal
Present-day Brazil
17th century
England, France, the Netherlands
Eastern coast of North America

7. European Empires

8. European Motivations for Colonization
Aware of their low position in the world of Eurasian commerce and wanted to change this
European rulers driven by competition and rivalries with other countries
Merchants wanted direct access to Asian wealth; no Muslim intermediaries

9. European Motivations for Colonization
Poor European nobles and commoners thought they could gain wealth and status in the colonies
Christian missionaries wanted to spread their faith
Persecuted minorities wanted to start a new life with more freedoms

10. European Motivations for Colonization
Belief held by all European powers
Mercantilism = governments served their countries’ economic interests best by exporting more than they import and by accumulating bullion
Bullion = precious metals like silver and gold
Roles of the colonies:
1) Supplied resources for European factories
2) Provided closed markets = they could only buy products from their “mother country”

11. European Motivations for Colonization
The main purpose of colonies were to enrich the mother countries
Colonies were created to:
Create raw materials
Find and produce precious materials
Create new trading opportunities for the mother country

13. Biggest goal of the colonies is the production of Raw Materials
Statement # 1
Biggest goal of the colonies is the production of Raw Materials

14. Statement # 2
Individuals are free to produce whatever they want and sell to whomever they want

15. Individuals are free to buy products from any country
Statement # 3
Individuals are free to buy products from any country

16. Discourages Colonies from producing manufactured goods
Statement # 4
Discourages Colonies from producing manufactured goods

17. Creating a favorable balance of trade is important, but not essential
Statement # 5
Creating a favorable balance of trade is important, but not essential

18. Statement # 6
Government doesn't control the economy but does regulate to make sure everyone participates Fairly

19. Statement # 7
Goal is for the mother country to stockpile gold, silver, and raw materials

20. The Treaty of Tordesillas was signed in 1494 Treaty split the world in half for Portugal and Spain

21. Spanish Colonies Economic foundations for these colonial societies:
Commercial agriculture on large rural estates
Silver and gold mining
Both used native peoples as forced laborers

22. Social Order of Spanish Colonies
Peninsulares = Spaniards born in Spain
Creoles = Spaniards born in the Americas
Spanish Settlers
Spanish immigration = 1 woman for every 7 men
Started from unions between native women and Spanish men
Mestizo Population = mixed-race population
Native Peoples
(Primary labor force; slaves)

23. Spanish Colonies The highest social class was the peninsulares
Peninsulares were those people born in Spain or Portugal and then traveled to the New World
The peninsulares held all the important government positions

24. Peninsulares

25. Spanish Colonies The second highest social class was the creoles
Creoles were direct descendants of Europeans but born in the New World
The creoles were the landowners and business owners of the New World
There was often great tension between the peninsulares and the creoles

26. Spanish Colonies
Considerable amount of racial mixing also took place in the Caribbean, Mexico, and Brazil
Ex: By 1790 = 93% of the population of Haiti was either partially or wholly of African descent
Ex: Mulattoes = became a major group in Brazil
Product of Portuguese- African unions

27. Spanish Colonies
Mestizos were the children of Europeans and Native peoples
Largely Hispanic in culture
Many looked down upon by “pure” Spaniards
Worked as artisans, clerks, supervisors of workers, and lower-level officials in church and government organizations

31. Spanish, British, French, and Dutch
Portuguese Sugar
Location
Controlled By
Brazil
Portugal
Caribbean
Spanish, British, French, and Dutch
Uses for sugar in Europe:
A Medicine
A Spice
A Sweetener
A Preservative
In sculptured forms as a decoration  indicated high status and wealth

32. Portuguese Sugar
Involved growing the sugarcane AND processing it into usable sugar
Very labor-intensive
Most profitable if done on a large-scale
Massive use of slave labor  imported Africans
Native population had been wiped out

33. Portuguese Sugar Worked under horrendous conditions
These conditions + diseases = very high death rate for enslaved peoples
About 5-10% of slave population died per year
Required the continuous importation of fresh slaves from Africa

34. Painting of a Tobacco Plantation
British North America
Plantations existed in the southern colonies
Major crops were tobacco, rice, cotton, and indigo
Painting of a Tobacco Plantation
in Colonial Virginia

35. British North America Somewhat less harsh than in the sugar colonies
Slave population was able to sustain itself and reproduce
No need to constantly import fresh slaves, like in the sugar colonies
By the time of the Civil War = almost all North American slaves had been born in the Americas

36. British North America
Racial mixing was uncommon because European women had migrated to North America along with men, unlike in Central and South America
Lead to an evolution of sharply defined racial system
Offspring of mixed-race unions = viewed as illegitimate
Any African ancestry made a person “black,” not some other mixed-race category

37. Colonial Pilgrims on Thanksgiving
British North America
Controlled mainly by the British
British settlers sought to escape aspects of the old European society and didn’t blend with indigenous peoples, not to recreate it like the Portuguese and Spanish
Wanted religious freedom
Wanted opportunities for wealth
Called settler colonialism
Colonial Pilgrims on Thanksgiving

38. British North America
Agricultural economies run by small-scale independent farmers working their own land
No slaves needed; though sometimes present occasionally in the households of the wealthy

39. British North America Established traditions of local self-government
In Britain = King and parliament involved in a long power struggle
So they paid little attention to the internal affairs of the colonies
Colonies set up their own assemblies